Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed

A preliminary study on determining grain yield, harvest index and grain protein components in durum wheats

The genetic material consisted of seven durum (T. durum Desf.) wheat genotypes which are Ege-88; Chen ;quot;S;quot; and Altar-84; and Kunduru-1149 released by the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, CIMMYT, Eskişehir Agricultural Research Institute, respectively; and Araldur, Auroc and Brunadur originated from France. The total of seven genotypes was grown at Bornova and Menemen locations of İzmir province and Tavas location of Denizli province in 1998-99 crop year. This study conducted at three locations representing the Aegean region of Turkey indicated that the durum cultivars had performed significantly different in terms of nitrogen uptake and partitioning rate of nitrogen in plant among and within the locations even though had no significant differences in grain yield.Especially, Kundura-1149 which is a tall cultivar having low values for harvest index and nitrogen harvest index might most probably be due to its plant height. It could be possible to increase the grain yield quality of Kundura-1149, which is commonly grown cultivar in the region by reducing its height. In addition, Araldur, an introduced cultivar, was defined as a promising cultivar with high grain yield performance, high nitrogen uptake and its partitioning in the plant.Sırasıyla Ege ve Eskişehir Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüleri ile CIMMYT tarafından tescil edilen Ege 88; Kunduru-1149; ve Chen "S", Altar-84 ile Fransa kökenli Araldur, Auroc ve Brunadur makarnalık buğday genotipleri araştırmanın materyalini oluşturmuştur. Söz konusu toplam yedi genotip 1998-99 yetiştirme yılında İzmir'de Bornova ve Menemen, Denizli'de Tavas lokasyonlannda dört tekerrürlü-Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre yetiştirilmiştir. Ege bölgesini temsil eden bu üç lokasyonda yetiştirilen genotipler lokasy?on.fiçi, ye lokasyonlar arasında bitkide azot alinımı ve parçalanması bakımından istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar göstermiştir. Kunduru-1149 çeşidinin özellikle hasat indeksi ve azot hasat indeksinin düşük olmasının bu çeşidin uzun boylu olmasından kaynaklandığı saptanmışta?; Bu nedenle, bölgede ticari olarak yaygın bir şekilde üretimi yapılan Kunduru-1149 çeşidinin boyunun kısaltılması ile tane verim kalitesinin artürılabileceği önerilmiştir. Ayrıca, Fransa kökenli olan Araldur çeşidinin azot alinımı ve bunun bitkide parçalanmasının yüksek olmasının yanı sıra yüksek bir verim performansı göstermesi nedeniyle bölge için ümitvar bir genotip olduğu belMenmiştir

Seferihisar (İzmir) yöresi jeotermal kaynakların nicel içerikleri ve bunların çevresel etkileri üzerine bir araştırma

Geothermal resources of Seferihisar are come from the fault lines between horst and graben, which were located on terraces. Due to the topography of landsthey flow from anticlinal to the synclinal seemed by the drainage nets. Water accumulation from thermal resource caused the soil and water pollution such as salinity, alkalinity, hardness, bad smell and taste, muddy colour and general appearance of water. In the course of time, the suspended organic and inorganic substances cause the occurrence of bottom mud. Injecting of that kind of polluting material to the nature disturbs the balance of ecosystem.Yöredeki Jeotermal kaynaklar, taraçalarda konumlanmış arazilerin horst ve graben'leri arasındaki fay çizgilerinden kaynaklanırlar. Arazi topografyasına bağımlı olarak antildinallerden senklinal görünümündeki alanlara doğru drenaj ağlariyle boşalımı sağlanarak, buralarda alkalilik, tuzluluk, sertlik vb. kimyasal; koku, renk, tat, görünüş vb. fiziksel özelliklerin değişimi yanında, askıda bulunan organik ve inorganik maddelerin zamanla çökelerek birikim ve dip çamuru oluşumlanyla su ve toprak kirliliğine neden olmaktadırlar. Doğal ortama şmngalanan bu olumsuz maddeler zamanla ekosistemin dengesini bozmaktadırlar