Numerical analysis of rapid drawdown: applications in real cases

In this study, rapid drawdown scenarios were analyzed by means of numerical examples as well as modeling of real cases with in situ measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate different approaches available for calculating pore water pressure distributions during and after a drawdown. To do that, a single slope subjected to a drawdown was first analyzed under different calculation alternatives, and numerical results were discussed. Simple methods, such as undrained analysis and pure flow analysis, implicitly assuming a rigid soil skeleton, lead to significant errors in pore water pressure distributions when compared with coupled flow-deformation analysis. A similar analysis was performed for the upstream slope of the Glen Shira Dam, Scotland, and numerical results were compared with field measurements during a controlled drawdown. Field records indicate that classical undrained calculations are conservative but unrealistic. Then, a recent case of a major landslide triggered by a rapid drawdown in a reservoir was interpreted. A key aspect of the case was the correct characterization of permeability of a representative soil profile. This was achieved by combining laboratory test results and a back analysis of pore water pressure time records during a period of reservoir water level fluctuations. The results highlight the difficulty of predicting whether the pore water pressure is overestimated or underestimated when using simplified approaches, and it is concluded that predicting the pore water pressure distribution in a slope after a rapid drawdown requires a coupled flow-deformation analysis in saturated and unsaturated porous media.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Criteria for rapid sliding II.: thermo-hydro-mechanical and scale effects in Vaiont case

Thermally induced excess pore pressures have been included into a two-wedge evolutive model of Vaiont landslide. The problem requires the solution of a system of four coupled balance equations for the shear bands and the surrounding rock as well as the joint equation of motion of the entire slide. The model predicts the high velocities observed and is consistent with other data (slide geometry, residual strength, and conditions on the sliding surface). The interpretation of a sensitivity analysis suggests that there exists a threshold permeability band, in the range 10- 8 to 10- 10 m/s, which separates potentially fast motions from slow motions. This conclusion is maintained if the scale of the landslide is reduced.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Criteria for rapid sliding I.: a review of Vaiont case

Vaiont slide has been represented by a model of two interacting evolutive wedges. Mass conservation during the motion implies that the upper wedge transfers mass to the lower one through an internal shearing plane. The model respects available in situ observations. It was formulated in dynamics terms. Outcomes of the analysis are the determination of safety factors of the valley before dam impoundment, and the calculation of run-out distance once the motion starts. Rock strength degradation as motion develops has also been included. This degradation, even if it is intense, was unable to explain the very high estimated landslide velocities.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Slope stability in slightly fissured claystones and marls

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-014-0526-5The paper deals with the behavior of some characteristic soft rocks found in the Iberian Peninsula. In geological terms, they belong to Tertiary basins, the Keuper period and the Jurassic-Cretacic transition. The discussion is organized around the following aspects: (a) the intact material and its brittle behavior; (b) the weathering action of atmospheric events; (c) the persistent discontinuities and scale effects; and (d) the modification of strength after failure. In all cases, instability phenomena are addressed in connection with several case histories. Regarding material brittleness and the initial stress state, two cases of first time failures are discussed. Practical implications concerning the selection of operative strength will be given. Field observations of the relevance of weathering and, also, on the rate of weathering, are given for a Weald claystone. Field observations emphasize the importance of sharp transitions between weathered and intact (or slightly weathered) levels. A recent long-term laboratory investigation on the nature of degradation will be summarized. Macroscopic variables such as stiffness and tensile strength have been found to be uniquely predicted by a degradation law in terms of the accumulated plastic deformations. Persistent discontinuities and, in particular, sedimentation planes play a dominant role to explain slope failures not related to the shallow failures, usually associated with weathered profiles. The strength of discontinuities in a Weald formation was investigated by means of tests performed at two scales. Finally, the evolution in time of residual strength induced by chemical actions, associated with groundwater flow, is highlighted in connection with actual field data of unstable slopes.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Les comunitats microbianes com a bioindicadors de l'estat dels agroecosistemes

Les pràctiques agronòmiques modernes i l'ús excessiu de fertilitzants químics en les últimes dècades han minimitzat el contingut de matèria orgànica de molts sòls agrícoles. L'interès actual per desenvolupar una agricultura sostenible, ha recuperat la utilització d'esmenes orgàniques, residus animals i vegetals, per la seva capacitat per millorar la salut general de les plantes i dels sòls agrícoles. En el cultiu de l'alvocat, especialment en el cultiu ecològic, la utilització d'esmenes orgàniques és una pràctica molt estesa que sembla estar reportant molts beneficis. Investigadors del Grup de Microbiologia Ambiental de la UAB en col·laboració amb investigadors del Departament de Microbiologia de la Universitat de Màlaga han estudiat l'efecte de la pràctica agrícola i de l'aplicació de diferents esmenes orgàniques sobre la microbiota del sòl de cultius d'alvocat.Las prácticas agronómicas modernas y el uso excesivo de fertilizantes químicos en las últimas décadas han minimizado el contenido de materia orgánica de muchos suelos agrícolas. El interés actual en desarrollar una agricultura sostenible, ha propiciado la utilización de enmiendas orgánicas, residuos animales y vegetales, por su capacidad para mejorar la salud general de las plantas y los suelos agrícolas. En el cultivo del aguacate, especialmente en el cultivo ecológico, la utilización de enmiendas orgánicas es una práctica muy extendida que parece estar reportando muchos beneficios. Investigadores del Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental de la UAB en colaboración con investigadores del Departamento de Microbiología de la Universidad de Málaga han estudiado el efecto de la práctica agrícola y de la aplicación de diferentes enmiendas orgánicas sobre la microbiota del suelo de cultivos de aguacate

Landslide motion assessment including rate effects and thermal interactions: revisiting the Canelles landslide

The re-activation of a large (40 Mm3) landslide on the valley slopes of a reservoir motivated a research initiative to estimate the risk of a fast-sliding mass moving into the reservoir. A previous simplified analysis had suggested that a joint consideration of strain rate effects on friction and thermal pressurization phenomena in the sliding surface could provide a rational approach to answer the question raised. The paper describes first the capability of strain rate effects on friction to reproduce long-term creeping records of two real cases. The joint and coupled phenomena of creeping motion and thermal pressurization in shearing bands was incorporated into a material point method computational technique for hydromechanical analysis of porous materials. A representative cross section of the Canelles landslide was then analysed, profiting from previous finite element investigations of the landslide. It was found that a rapid rate of landslide acceleration could be a possibility under extreme external actions. However, it was also found that a moderate strain rate effect on the basal residual friction angle could create conditions that avoid the triggering of a fast motion.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Run-out of landslides in brittle soils

One of the factors causing the acceleration of landslides is the loss of strength of the soil involved in the potential unstable mechanism. The travelled distance and the landslide velocity, a key factor in risk analysis, will be determined by the loss of resistant forces. Brittle behaviour, commonly associated with cemented soils, overconsolidated plastic clay formations and sensitive clays, lead to the progressive failure phenomenon explained by the reduction of the strength with increasing strain. In the present study, this phenomenon has been analysed in the case of a saturated slope which becomes unstable by increasing the boundary pore water pressure. A Mohr-Coulomb model with strain softening behaviour induced by increasing deviatoric plastic strain is used. The paper focusses not only on the stability of the slope but also on the post failure behaviour (run-out and sliding velocity). A coupled hydro-mechanical formulation of the material point method has been used to simulate the whole instability process. The influence of the brittleness of the material on the triggering of instability and run-out is evaluated by means of a parametric study varying peak and residual strength. The onset of the failure and the failure geometry are controlled by both peak and residual values. Good correlations between run-outs and brittleness are found. The decay of the strength determines the acceleration of the landslides and the travelled distance.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

El papel de los tapetes microbianos en la biorrecuperación de zonas litorales sometidas a la contaminación por vertidos de petróleo

En la actualidad, los vertidos accidentales de petróleo constituyen uno de los problemas medioambientales mas preocupantes. Hace más de dos décadas que se empezó a actuar sobre los lugares afectados por este tipo de catástrofes. Entre los posibles tratamientos a aplicar para la descontaminación, merecen una especial atención los procesos de degradación biológica basados en la acción de los microorganismos sobre los productos contaminantes. Los tapetes microbianos son unos ecosistemas, ampliamente distribuidos en las zonas litorales, que se han mostrado como prometedores agentes para la biorremediación ya que, dadas sus características, agrupan, en un espacio de pocos milímetros, complejas poblaciones de microorganismos aerobios y anaerobios capaces de colonizar zonas altamente contaminadas. Una aproximación muy útil para evaluar tanto el impacto de una contaminación de estas características sobre la diversidad microbiana, como los procesos de biodegradación que pueden tener lugar en este tipo de comunidades, es reproducirlas de manera miniaturizada en el laboratorio. El verdadero valor de estos sistemas modelo o microcosmos, es que nos proporcionan un instrumento para comprender la función del ecosistema y los factores que controlan el flujo de energía y materia, permitiendo, por tanto, el desarrollo de una capacidad predictiva imprescindible a la hora de desarrollar estrategias útiles de biorremediación.Nowadays, accidental oil spills constitute one of most worrying environmental problems. More than two decades ago, first in situ actions on the places affected by this type of catastrophes were started to be taken. Among the treatments that can be applied for the decontamination of polluted areas, biological degradation processes, based on the action of the microorganisms on polluting petroleum hydrocarbon components, deserve a special attention. Microbial mats are ecosystems, widely distributed along the shorelines, which have been considered as promising agents for bioremediation, because they group in a space of few millimetres complex populations of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms able to colonize zones highly contaminated. A very useful approach for evaluating the impact of such a contamination event on the microbial diversity, and the biodegradation processes that take place in this type of communities, is to reproduce them in a laboratory scale. The true value of these model systems, called microcosm, is that they provide an instrument for understanding the function of the ecosystem and the factors that control the flow of energy and matter, allowing, therefore, the development of a predictive capacity, essential for developing useful strategies of bioremediation