Category, function and sense of gentilicios

En este trabajo nos planteamos la atribución de tres conceptos lingüísticos a los gentilicios: categoría, función y sentido. El comportamiento de los gentilicios da pie para su consideración como adjetivos y como sustantivos; todos los gentilicios, tanto los que designan persona como los que designan no-persona pueden funcionar como adjetivos y como sustantivos, pero en la escala que va del adjetivo al sustantivo está más cerca de la categoría adjetivo. De los dos tipos de adjetivos, calificativo y relacional, el gentilicio se halla sistemáticamente dentro del relacional; aunque una gran parte de los adjetivos relacionales admiten el deslizamiento hacia su uso como calificativos. De las dos funciones básicas, atributo y adjunto, del adjetivo, debemos afirmar que funcionan primariamente como adjuntos y derivadamente como atributos. Como adjunto, su subfunción más perti¬nente es la especificación; es esta la que «sitúa» al sustantivo en el lugar del mundo que le corresponde, por adjetivo relacional. Cuestión distinta es el sentido del gentilicio; en su cualidad de relacional sus sentidos más habituales son el identificador y el clasificador, pero en su deslizamiento hacia el tipo calificativo, su sentido es analógico.This paper discusses three linguistic concepts (category, function, sense) generally attributed to gentilicios (i.e. names given in Spanish to the people from a particular place). According to their behaviour, gentilicios lend themselves to classification both as adjectives and as nouns. All gentilicios, including those that denote human beings and those that denote non-human beings or entities, can function as adjectives or nouns. However, on a scale ranging from the adjective pole to the noun pole the behaviour of gentilicios is closer to adjectives. Of the two main types of adjectives (relational and descriptive ones), gentilicios fall systematically within the relational type. Nevertheless, a substantial amount of relational adjectives are susceptible to descriptive use. As for the two main functions of adjectives (attributive and predicative positions), we can conclude that gentilicios function primarily as predicative adjectives and secondarily as attributive adjectives. When in predicative position, the most common sub-function of gentilicios is specification. By virtue of this function the noun modified by a relational gentilicio is located in a specific place in the world. Finally, I will analyse the semantic properties of gentilicios. The most common senses of relational gentilicios are identification and classification, but when used as descriptive adjectives, gentilicios can be interpreted as expressing analogy.peerReviewe

Contexts of listo and tonto in Spanish

El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer los contextos de listo y tonto en español. Más en concreto, se trata de mostrar, por un lado, cómo se realizan en los lemas listo y tonto y en sus eductos sufijados la gradación sémica y la valoración fórica, y, por otro, cuáles son las coocurrencias de los lemas listo y tonto. Los resultados de este estudio pretenden ser una contribución, metodológica y teórica, a las “preferencias semánticas” del español. Para ello me he servido del corpus Cumbre, de la editorial SGEL, de 40 millones de palabras; de él he tomado 1.430 contextos, que corresponden a los siguientes lemas: listo (349) y derivados de listo (32): listísimo, listillo y listorro; tonto (1.010) y derivados de tonto (39): tontísimo, tontito, tontorrón, tontuelo, tontaina, tontucio, tontino, tontolaba y tontolculo.This article inquires about the contexts of use of listo and tonto in Span-ish. The aim is twofold. First, I will attempt to show how semantic gradation and phoric evaluation are realised in the lemmas listo and tonto and in their derivatives. Second, I will explore cooccurrence patterns of these lemmas. The findings are in-tended as a contribution - both theoretical and methodological - to improving our knowledge of “semantic preferences”. Empirically, the study is based on evidence from the 40 million words corpus Cumbre (SGEL, S.A.). The data consists of 1,430 concordances of the following lemmas: listo (349 concordances) and derivatives (32): listísimo, listillo, and listorro; tonto (1,010) and derivatives (39): tontísimo, tontito, tontorrón, tontuelo, tontaina, tontucio, tontino, tontolaba, and tontolculo

Otro precedente de "mundo comentado y mundo narrado"

Harold Weinrich establece su famoso esquema “mundo comentado y mundo narrado” para clasificar en dos grupos los tiempos verbales del indicativo francés. Parece que estuvo inspirado por la anterior propuesta de Benveniste, y que no fue el primero en establecer la existencia de dos grupos de tiempos en el indicativo. Aunque fue en 1953 que Aníbal Vargas-Barón afirmó la existencia de esas dos zonas temporales perfectamente independientes una de otra. La comparación entre las ideas de Benveniste y de Vargas-Barón no atenta contra la originalidad del lingüista francés, sino que sirve para mostrar que ambos coinciden en gran parte de las ideas sobre la agrupación de tiempos.Harold Weinrich schema establishes its famous "world commented and world narrated" to classify in two groups the tenses of the indicative french. It seems that was inspired by the previous proposal of Benvenistes, and that was not the first to establish the existence of two groups of times in the indicative. Although it was in 1953 that Anibal Vargas-Barón affirmed the existence of these two temporary zones perfectly independent of one another. The comparison between the ideas of Benvenistes and Vargas-Barón does not violate the originality of the French linguist, but serves to show that both agree in large part of the idea on the grouping of times.notPeerReviewe

European Registry on Helicobacter pylori Management: Effectiveness of First and Second-Line Treatment in Spain

The management of Helicobacter pylori infection has to rely on previous local effectiveness due to the geographical variability of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of first and second-line H. pylori treatment in Spain, where the empirical prescription is recommended. A multicentre prospective non-interventional registry of the clinical practice of European gastroenterologists concerning H. pylori infection (Hp-EuReg) was developed, including patients from 2013 until June 2019. Effectiveness was evaluated descriptively and through a multivariate analysis concerning age, gender, presence of ulcer, proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) dose, therapy duration and compliance. Overall, 53 Spanish hospitals were included, and 10,267 patients received a first-line therapy. The best results were obtained with the 10-day bismuth single-capsule therapy (95% cure rate by intention-to-treat) and with both the 14-day bismuth-clarithromycin quadruple (PPI-bismuth-clarithromycin-amoxicillin, 91%) and the 14-day non-bismuth quadruple concomitant (PPI-clarithromycin-amoxicillin-metronidazole, 92%) therapies. Second-line therapies were prescribed to 2448 patients, with most-effective therapies being the triple quinolone (PPI-amoxicillin-levofloxacin/moxifloxacin) and the bismuth-levofloxacin quadruple schemes (PPI-bismuth-levofloxacin-amoxicillin) prescribed for 14 days (92%, 89% and 90% effectiveness, respectively), and the bismuth single-capsule (10 days, 88.5%). Compliance, longer duration and higher acid inhibition were associated with higher effectiveness. "Optimized" H. pylori therapies achieve over 90% success in Spain

Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Eneida Registry

Background: The effectiveness of the switch to another anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods: We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. Results: A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. Conclusions: Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

¿Es "nosotros" el plural de "yo"?

The problem I wish to examine proposes both a conflict and certain confluence. On one hand, the conflict which exists between the semantic and formal arguments which are put forward in grammatical theories. On the other hand, the confluence which can be observed within morphemes referring to person and number: if nosotros is not the plural of yo, of which form is it plural?, is it perhaps a fourth person?, isn't it, probably a further instance of a suppletion plural form? If we deny that nosotros is not plural of yo, wouldn't it be an example of epistemic reductionism?

Bases para una morfología continua del español

Conceptual subtlety in science demands clarity. The significance of universality rests on the fact that concepts do not overlap with each other. Nonetheless, clarity is a target and, as such, it should not be confused with the method by which we try to attain it. The binary method (0/1, yes/no) is "a" method, but not "the" method. It would be fruitful to apply a "fuzzy" method in addition to - or even instead of- the binary method. Every explanation tries to approach reality, and it is obvious that reality sometimes does not display clearcut boundaries. I would rather claim that many facts of reality show fuzzy, continuous profiles. In such cases, would it not be legitimate to approach fuzzy facts from a continuous - not discrete - perspective? In the present paper I shall present some underpinnings of a continuous perspective in linguistics and the main morphological issues for which such a perspective is particularly suitable. In the literature on Morphology we often encounter hesitating, sometimes even contradictor/ explanations that fluctuate between different categorizations of certain linguistic units. Doubt of thought is an indication that "the thing meant" is not discontinuous of nature. Many categories, subcategories, etc., are not perfectly separated from one another, but they lie at different positions of a continuous scale

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