Rio Amazonas: tesouro descoberto

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Revisitando a obra de Padre João Daniel. Redescobrindo o Tesouro

This review is about a revisit to the work Discovered Treasure at the maximum Amazon River (volumes I and II). After having read it for over ten years and drafted two reviews, one in the year of its own publication by Editora Contraponto at the request of the SBPC, and another in 2005, at the invitation of the magazine Ambiente & Sociedade, published by Unicamp. In those two documents, we deal with biodiversity and environment, precious things that Priest João Daniel described, providing us with a detailed and precise narrative that seems current to the reader today, although written in the eighteenth century. In this paper we recall some points and we highlight two parts where he describes the amphibian fish, treating all aquatic animal biodiversity that breathe air. After this revisit, we bring a part not covered in the other reviews, in which Priest João Daniel describes the Indians ("natural" as he also calls them) and their physical characteristics and social organization. It also deals with the relation of the European man (Spanish and Portuguese people) with the Indian. It is striking how there is a strong parallel between the hierarchical and social relations that existed at the time of colonization and still persists in the present time. It is worth to feel the affection that the author had while living as a Jesuit in the Amazon and how he could have been a great historian, philosopher and biologist in the present times.Esta reseña revisita la obra Tesouro Descoberto no máximo Rio Amazonas (volúmes I y II). Más de diez años después de haber leído la obra y redactado dos reseñas, una en el año de su publicación por la editorial Contraponto, por encargo de la SBPC, y otra, en 2005, por invitación de la revista Ambiente & Sociedade, editada por la Unicamp, esta tercera reseña trae una lectura distinta en relación a las dos anteriores. En las dos primeras tratamos de la biodiversidad y el ambiente, tesoros que el Padre João Daniel describió, brindándonos una narrativa detallada y precisa que parece actual al lector de hoy, a pesar de haber sido escrita en el siglo XVIII (1757-1776). En esta reseña recordamos algunos puntos y resaltamos dos partes del texto donde el autor describe los peces anfíbios y la diversidad acuática animal que respira oxígeno. Después de esta revisión, presentamos una parte no abordada en las reseñas anteriores, en la que el Padre João Daniel describe a los índios (naturales, como les llama) y sus características físicas y organización social. Igualmente, la relación del hombre europeo (españoles y portugueses) con el índio. Impresiona la fuerte correlación entre las relaciones jerárquicas y sociales que hubo en la época de la colonización y que todavía persisten en el presente. Vale la pena sentir el cariño que el autor tiene en cuanto vive como un jesuíta en la Amazonia y como podría haber sido, hoy en día, un gran historiador, filósofo y biólogo.Esta resenha trata de uma revisita à obra Tesouro Descoberto no máximo Rio Amazonas (volumes I e II). Após termos lido a mesma há mais de dez anos e redigido duas resenhas, uma no ano da própria publicação pela Editora Contraponto a pedido da SBPC, e outra em 2005, a convite da revista Ambiente & Sociedade, na ocasião, editada pela Unicamp, esta terceira traz uma leitura diferente. Naqueles dois documentos, tratamos da biodiversidade e ambiente, preciosidades que Padre João Daniel descreveu, brindando-nos com uma narrativa detalhada e precisa que parece atual ao leitor de hoje, apesar de escrita no século XVIII (1757-1776). No presente documento recordamos alguns pontos e ressaltamos duas partes onde ele descreve os peixes anfíbios, tratando toda a biodiversidade aquática animal que respira ar. Após esta revisita, trazemos uma parte não abordada nas demais resenhas, na qual Padre João Daniel descreve os índios (naturais como também os chama) e suas características físicas e organização social. Trata também da relação do homem europeu (espanhóis e portugueses) com o índio. Impressiona como há um forte paralelo entre as relações hierárquicas e sociais que houve na época da colonização e ainda persiste nos dias atuais. Vale à pena sentir o carinho que o autor teve enquanto viveu como jesuíta na Amazônia e como ele poderia ter sido, nos tempos de hoje, um grande historiador, filósofo e biólogo

Revisitando la obra del Padre João Daniel. Redescubriendo el Tesoro

Esta resenha trata de uma revisita à obra Tesouro Descoberto no máximo Rio Amazonas (volumes I e II). Após termos lido a mesma há mais de dez anos e redigido duas resenhas, uma no ano da própria publicação pela Editora Contraponto a pedido da SBPC, e outra em 2005, a convite da revista Ambiente & Sociedade, na ocasião, editada pela Unicamp, esta terceira traz uma leitura diferente. Naqueles dois documentos, tratamos da biodiversidade e ambiente, preciosidades que Padre João Daniel descreveu, brindando-nos com uma narrativa detalhada e precisa que parece atual ao leitor de hoje, apesar de escrita no século XVIII (1757-1776). No presente documento recordamos alguns pontos e ressaltamos duas partes onde ele descreve os peixes anfíbios, tratando toda a biodiversidade aquática animal que respira ar. Após esta revisita, trazemos uma parte não abordada nas demais resenhas, na qual Padre João Daniel descreve os índios (naturais como também os chama) e suas características físicas e organização social. Trata também da relação do homem europeu (espanhóis e portugueses) com o índio. Impressiona como há um forte paralelo entre as relações hierárquicas e sociais que houve na época da colonização e ainda persiste nos dias atuais. Vale à pena sentir o carinho que o autor teve enquanto viveu como jesuíta na Amazônia e como ele poderia ter sido, nos tempos de hoje, um grande historiador, filósofo e biólogo.This review is about a revisit to the work Discovered Treasure at the maximum Amazon River (volumes I and II). After having read it for over ten years and drafted two reviews, one in the year of its own publication by Editora Contraponto at the request of the SBPC, and another in 2005, at the invitation of the magazine Ambiente & Sociedade, published by Unicamp, we bring a different view in this one. In those two documents, we deal with biodiversity and environment, precious things that Priest João Daniel described, providing us with a detailed and precise narrative that seems current to the reader today, although written in the eighteenth century (1757-1776). In this paper we recall some points and we highlight two parts where he describes the amphibian fish, treating all aquatic animal biodiversity that breathe air. After this revisit, we bring a part not covered in the other reviews, in which Priest João Daniel describes the Indians (“natural” as he also calls them) and their physical characteristics and social organization. It also deals with the relation of the European man (Spanish and Portuguese people) with the Indian. It is striking how there is a strong parallel between the hierarchical and social relations that existed at the time of colonization and still persists in the present time. It is worth to feel the affection that the author had while living as a Jesuit in the Amazon and how he could have been a great historian, philosopher and biologist in the present times

Aspectos biológicos de peixes amazônicos. IV. Padrões eletroforéticos de hemoglobinas de 22 espécies coletadas na ilha da Marchantaria (Manaus - AM).

The hemoglobin patterns of hemolysates from 22 fish species belonging to Manchantaria island (Solimões river , Manaus, AM) had been characterized by starch gel and agarstarch gel electrophresis. High interespecific hemoglobin heterogeneity was observed, similarly to those described for sub-tropical and temperate fish species. The resolution power of the electrophoretic supports was considered. The adaptability question of the multiple hemoglobin systems was regarded.Foram estudados hemolisados de 22 espécies de peixes coletados na Ilha da Marchantaria (rio Solimões, Manaus - AM), através de eletroforeses em gel de amido e gel de ágar-amido. Uma grande heterogeneidade hemoglobínica interespecífica foi detectada, a exemplo do observado para espécies de zona subtropical e temperada. A capacidade de resolução de dois suportes eletroforéticos é discutida. Os resultados são discutidos em função da possível adaptabilidade conferida pelos sistemas de múltiplas hemoglobinas

Histochemistry and functional organization of the dorsal skin of Ancistrus dolichopterus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

The structural organization and histo-cytochemical features of dorsal skin of Ancistrus dolichopterus (acari bodo) are the main focus of this work. The epidermis, dermis and subcutis are the principal layers of the skin. The epidermis mainly consists of epithelial and mucous cells. Interspersed between them are lymphocytes, pigment cells, eosinophilic granular cells (EGC), and the taste buds as sensory structures. The high number of EGCs is implicated in general and specific immunological defense from pathogenic bacteria and multicellular parasites. The epithelial cells and mucous cells contain glycoproteins with oxidizable vicinal diols, carboxyl groups and O-sulphate esters and their high secretory activity is correlated with the bottom dwelling habit of this species. A thick stratum laxum contains overlapping osteoderms bearing denticles, and the stratum compactum make the integument thicker to help the fish in negative buoyancy for maneuvering near the bottom and protection. The entire body surface is covered by conical, backwardly directed denticles. These are composed of a dentine cone, surrounding a pulp cavity with the top covered by mineralized cap, and are the true homologues of teeth. These structures provide effective protection from abrasion and enemies. These structural peculiarities and histochemical features indicate additional physiological role of the skin of A. dolichopterus. © 2010 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia

Caracterización de la actividad piscícola en las meso regiones del estado del amazonas, amazonía brasileña

Fish farming has an outstanding position in Brazil. In the Amazon, there is a lack of updated technical information to support the progress of investment on the sector. This paper aims to characterize the fish farming activity in grouped municipalities (mesoregions) of the Amazonas State, based on technical information extracted from data bank of governmental institutions of Amazonas state. The public information from Secretary for Rural Production of Amazonas State (SEPROR-AM) and Environmental Protection Institute of the Amazonas State (IPAAM) were organized in spreadsheets and analyzed. According to the analyzed material, there is no structured pattern among the mesoregions. As regard as the farmed species, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is the second most important, except by the southwest region. Alevins were acquired by donation from The Agriculture Development and Sustainable Forestry Institute of the Amazonas State (IDAM/SEPROR-AM) or directly from nature. There are fish farmers associations in all municipalities; however, the closer to the capital, the better their organization. Among the major constraints mentioned by fish farmers are: acquisition of fish food, acquisition of alevins, lack or restriction of updated information, and specialized technicians. We suggest that the diagnostic of the fish farming activity in the mesoregions on the Amazonas state can subsidize local actions and actions in other regions of pan-Amazon (integrated region by the Amazonian territories of all Amazon countries).La piscicultura ocupa una posición destacada en el Brasil. En la Amazonía falta información técnica actualizada que subsidie el progreso de inversiones en este sector. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la actividad piscícola en el Amazonas por medio de agrupamiento de municipios (meso regiones), mediante la utilización de información técnica proveniente de instituciones gubernamentales del Amazonas. Fueron consideradas informaciones públicas solicitadas a la Secretaria de Produção Rural do Estado do Amazonas (SEPROR-AM) y al Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM), que fueron reorganizadas en planillas y luego se analizaron. De acuerdo con el material recopilado, en las meso regiones no existe un patrón común entre las estructuras utilizadas. Sobre las especies cultivadas se observó que el tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) ocupa una posición secundaria, con excepción de la región sudeste. La adquisición de alevinos es realizada por medio de donaciones recibidas del Instituto de Desenvolvimento Agropecuário e Florestal Sustentável do Estado do Amazonas (IDAM/SEPROR- AM) o directamente de la naturaleza. Las asociaciones de piscicultores o acuicultores están presentes en todos los municipios; sin embargo, cuanto mayor es la proximidad a la capital, mejor están organizadas. Entre los principales problemas mencionados por los piscicultores están la obtención de la ración, la adquisición de alevinos y la falta o restricción de información y de técnicos especializados. Sugerimos que el diagnóstico de la actividad piscícola en las meso regiones del Estado de Amazonas, aquí presentado, puede subsidiar acciones locales y en otras regiones de la panAmazonia (región integrada por los territorios amazónicos de todos los países amazónicos)

Differential survivorship of congeneric ornamental fishes under forecasted climate changes are related to anaerobic potential

Two Amazonian closely related tetras – cardinal Paracheirodon axelrodi and green neon P. simulans – were artificially acclimatized to environmental chambers mimicking future climate change scenarios (mild, moderate and ex-treme), using a microcosm facility. P. simulans survived (100%) to all scenarios after 30 days exposure, while P. axelrodi presented decreasing survival percentages according to environmental severity. These differences may be the reflection of distinct natural acclimatization to microhabitats between the species, which differ in thermal conditions. Survival responses might be related to differences in relative gene expression of lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh), suggesting that P. axelrodi anaerobic potential is lower or non-existent compared to P. simulans, not tolerating long-term thermal challenges. Accordingly, increases in temperature and in CO2 levels caused increases in energy demand and resulted in activation of the anaerobic pathway, as demonstrated by the higher enzyme levels measured in head and tail portions of both species. Sustained anaerobic glycolysis is possible when fish live in challenging environments (low oxygen or high temperature). Our results clearly show that P. simulans has a larger scope for survival to higher energy demands due to its increased anaerobic potential compared to P. axelrodi. © 2018, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética

Roundup® exposure promotes gills and liver impairments, DNA damage and inhibition of brain cholinergic activity in the Amazon teleost fish Colossoma macropomum

Roundup Original® (RD) is a glyphosate-based herbicide used to control weeds in agriculture. Contamination of Amazon waters has increased as a consequence of anthropogenic pressure, including the use of herbicides as RD. The central goal of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of RD on juveniles of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Our findings show that biomarkers in tambaqui are organ specific and dependent on RD concentration. Alterations in gills structural and respiratory epithelium were followed by changes in hematological parameters such as concentration of hemoglobin, particularly in fish exposed to the higher concentration tested (75% of RD LC50 96h). In addition, both RD concentrations affected the biotransformation process in gills of tambaqui negatively. Instead, liver responses suggest that a production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred in fish exposed to RD, particularly in the animals exposed to 75% RD, as seen by imbalances in biotransformation and antioxidant systems. The increased DNA damage observed in red blood cells of tambaqui exposed to RD is in agreement with this hypothesis. Finally, both tested sub-lethal concentrations of RD markedly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in fish brain. Thus, we can suggest that RD is potentially toxic to tambaqui and possibly to other tropical fish species. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd