Brain and lung metastasis of Bartholin’s gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: a case report

INTRODUCTION: Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin’s gland is a very rare disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old premenopausal woman of Caucasian origin was delivered adjuvant pelvic and inguinal radiotherapy after prior complete left Bartholin’s gland tumor excision and inguinal lymph node dissection for adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin’s gland with one metastatic inguinal lymph node. Two years after primary treatment, she presented to the Emergency Room with acute headache, hypoacousia, decrease in visual acuity, and a decrease in right leg muscle strength. A cranial magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated three cystic brain lesions with associated perifocal edema. Chest and abdomen computed tomography scans and a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the pelvis did not find any metastatic or residual disease elsewhere. A physical examination found no local recurrence. Stereotactic brain biopsies with pathology examination revealed the presence of adenoid cystic carcinoma metastasis. She thus received 30Gy of brain radiotherapy but, three months later, the brain lesions did not decrease in size and left mid lobular lung lesions appeared on her chest computed tomography scan. A mid left lobe lung excision was undertaken followed by chemotherapy consisting of six cycles of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and cisplatin. Five months after beginning chemotherapy, the brain disease progressed and our patient died. CONCLUSION: Our case report shows the difficulty in managing brain and lung metastasis of Bartholin’s gland adenoid cystic carcinoma as no consensus on the optimal treatment exists

Fishroesomes as carriers with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities

The great diversity of marine habitats and organisms renders them a high-value source to find/develop novel drugs and formulations. Therefore, herein, sardine (Sardina pilchardus) roe was used as a lipidic source to produce liposomes. This fish product presents high nutritional value, being its lipidic content associated with important health benefits. Consequently, it can be advantageously used to produce therapeutically active delivery devices. Roe lipids were extracted using the Matyash method. After lipid film hydration and extrusion, sardine roe-derived large unilamellar liposomes (LUVs), designated as fishroesomes, presented a size of â 330 nm and a significant negative surface charge (â - 27 mV). Radical scavenging assays demonstrated that fishroesomes efficiently neutralized peroxyl, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals. Moreover, fishroesomes significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by LPS-stimulated macrophages at non-toxic concentrations for L929 and THP-1 cells. Consequently, the developed liposomes exhibit unique properties as bioactive drug carriers for inflammatory diseases treatment.This work was supported by FCT/MCTES (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology / Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education) or FSE/POCH (European Social Fund through the Operational Program of Human Capital) (grant numbers PD/169/2013, PD/ BD/113795/2015, PD/BD/135246/2017, PTDC/BTM-SAL/28882/ 2017), and the NORTE 2020 Structured Project, co-funded by Norte2020 (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000021). Authors also thank the local fisherman for the donation of the samples

Metabolic phenotyping of diet and dietary Intake

Nutrition provides the building blocks for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body and is key to maintaining health. Exposure to fast foods, mass production of dietary components, and wider importation of goods have challenged the balance between diet and health in recent decades, and both scientists and clinicians struggle to characterize the relationship between this changing dietary landscape and human metabolism with its consequent impact on health. Metabolic phenotyping of foods, using high-density data-generating technologies to profile the biochemical composition of foods, meals, and human samples (pre- and postfood intake), can be used to map the complex interaction between the diet and human metabolism and also to assess food quality and safety. Here, we outline some of the techniques currently used for metabolic phenotyping and describe key applications in the food sciences, ending with a broad outlook at some of the newer technologies in the field with a view to exploring their potential to address some of the critical challenges in nutritional science

Études "omiques" du phénomène inflammatoire associé à l'obésité

Le syndrome métabolique (SMet) est un ensemble de perturbations métaboliques pouvant entrainer le développement de maladies inflammatoires telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) ou le diabète de type 2 (DT2). L’un des critères de définition du SMet est la présence d’une obésité abdominale. Etant donné que l’obésité abdominale est très fréquemment associée au SMet, il est important d’approfondir les connaissances sur les mécanismes reliant ces deux conditions. L’obésité et le SMet sont accompagnés d’une inflammation chronique. L’alimentation est un moyen efficace de moduler l’état inflammatoire d’un individu. L’objectif général de ce projet de doctorat est d’étudier le phénomène inflammatoire lié à l’obésité grâce à l’utilisation de diverses méthodes « OMIQUES ». Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un échantillon d’individus comprenant 65 personnes non-obèse et sans SMet, 83 personnes obèses sans SMet ainsi que de 46 personnes obèses avec le SMet a été sélectionné. Une analyse des métabolites plasmatiques a été réalisée. Les personnes obèses, indépendamment de la présence du SMet avaient un profil en métabolites différent des individus non-obèses. La présence du SMet semblait cependant empirer le profil métabolomique des patients obèses. Par la suite, nous avons entrepris de tester les effets des acides gras n-3 sur l’inflammation. L’action anti-inflammatoire des acides gras n-3 d’origine marine, l’acide éiocsapentaénoique (AEP) et l’acide docosahexaénoique (ADH), est reconnue. La consommation de ces derniers est associée à des effets bénéfiques sur les maladies inflammatoires chroniques. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents aux effets anti-inflammatoires de ces acides gras n-3 sont encore peu connus. Nous avons donc testé l’effet de différentes doses d’EPA et de DHA, sur l’expression de gènes inflammatoires, dans des macrophages de type THP-1. Globalement les résultats suggèrent que l’EPA et le DHA modulent l’expression des gènes de l’inflammation de manière spécifique et dose dépendante.The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders, which are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. One of the MetS criterions is the presence of abdominal obesity. Since abdominal obesity is associated with MetS, it is important to understand the mechanisms that link these two conditions. A chronic inflammatory state is common among people suffering from obesity and MetS. Modulating the diet is an effective way of reducing this chronic inflammation. The overall global purpose of this PhD project was to study the inflammatory process using OMICs. The sample of participants was composed of 65 subjects of normal weight (NW) without MetS, 83 overweight/obese (Ov/Ob) subjects without MetS and 46 subjects of Ov/Ob with MetS. An analysis of plasma metabolites was done for each participant. Ov/Ob participants, independently of their MetS status had a different metabolite profile from NW participants. The MetS seems to worsen metabolite profiles.Then, we tested the effects of n-3 fatty acids (FAs) on inflammation. The anti-inflammatory action of n-3 FAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are well known. However, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. We tested the effect of different doses of EPA and DHA on the expression of genes involved in inflammation in THP-1 macrophages. The results suggest that EPA and DHA regulate the expression of genes involved in inflammation in a dose and FAs n-3 dependant manner

Effect of n-3 fatty acids on the expression of inflammatory genes in THP-1 macrophages

Background: Uncontrolled inflammation participates in the development of inflammatory diseases. Beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the n-3 family such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on inflammation have been reported. The present study investigates the basal effects of EPA, DHA and a mixture EPA + DHA on the expression of 10 genes (AKT1, MAPK, NFKB, TNFA, IL1Β, MCP1, ALOX5, PTGS2, MGST1and NOS2) related to inflammation in unstimulated cultured THP1 macrophages. Cells were incubated for 24 h with n-3 PUFAs (50 μM and 10 μM EPA, DHA, EPA + DHA). Expression levels of inflammatory genes were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: 50 μM, 10 μM EPA and 50 μM EPA + DHA decreased the expression of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway (MAPK, AKT1, and NFKB). Treatment with 50 μM, 10 μM EPA, 50 μM DHA and EPA + DHA decreased expression levels of cytokines genes IL1Β and MCP1. TNFA expression was decreased by 50 μM, 10 μM of EPA, DHA and with 50 μM EPA + DHA. Two genes involved in the fatty acid metabolism (PTGS2 and ALOX5) were also modulated by the n-3 FAs. 50 μM of DHA and EPA + DHA inhibited PTGS2 expression when the two concentrations of EPA, 50 μM DHA and EPA + DHA inhibited ALOX5 expression. Finally, the effects of n-3 FAs were studied among genes involved in the oxidative stress. 50 μM of each fatty acid increased MGST1 expression. Both concentration of EPA and 50 μM DHA decreased NOS2 expression. Conclusion: EPA seems to be more effective than DHA and EPA + DHA in modulating expression levels of selected inflammatory genes. The concentration of 50 μM was globally more effective than 10 μM

A study of the differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on gene expression profiles of stimulated Thp-1 macrophages

Background: An appropriate intake of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) from marine sources is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, molecular mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects on health are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to characterize gene expression profiles of THP-1 macrophages, incubated in either EPA or DHA and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pro-inflammatory agent. Methods: THP-1 macrophages were incubated into 10, 50 and 75 µM of EPA or DHA for 24 h, and 100 nM of LPS was added to the culture media for 18 h. Total mRNA was extracted and gene expression examined by microarray analysis using Illumina Human HT-12 expression beadchips (Illumina). Results: Pathway analysis revealed that EPA and DHA regulate genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, immune response and inflammation, oxidative stress and cancer pathways in a differential and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: EPA and DHA appear to exert differential effects on gene expression in THP-1 macrophages. Specific effects of n-3 FAs on gene expression levels are also dose-dependent

Effect of different concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids on stimulated THP-1 macrophages

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays a central role in chronic diseases occurring in the contemporary society. The health benefits of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs), mostly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported. However, their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. We explored dose and time effects of EPA, DHA, and a mixture of EPA + DHA on the expression of inflammatory genes in stimulated macrophages. METHODS: Lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate human THP-1 macrophages. Cells were incubated in different conditions in the presence of n-3 FAs and LPS, and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were measured by real-time PCR. Cytokine levels in culture media were measured. RESULTS: The mixture of EPA + DHA had a more effective inhibitory effect than either DHA or EPA alone, DHA being more potent than EPA. For both EPA and DHA, 75 μM of FAs had a more important anti-inflammatory effect than 10 or 50 μM. For gene expression, EPA had the greater action during the post-incubation (after LPS treatment) condition while DHA and EPA + DHA were more potent during the co-incubation (n-3 FAs and LPS). Cytokine concentrations decreased more markedly in the co-incubation condition. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in stimulated macrophages, expression levels of genes involved in inflammation are influenced by the dose, the type of n-3 FAs, and the time of incubation

Circulating glutamate level as a potential biomarker for abdominal obesity and metabolic risk

Background and Aim: Circulating level of glutamate, a by-product of the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, has been positively correlated with visceral adipose tissue accumulation and waist circumference (WC). The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of using glutamate level to identify individuals with abdominal obesity and a high cardiometabolic risk. Methods and results: The study sample included 99 men and 99 women. Fasting serum glutamate was measured using the Biocrates p180 kit. Anthropometric and metabolic variables were used to identify individuals with abdominal obesity (WC ≥95cm in both sexes), the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTW) phenotype and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Mean (± SD) age was 34.1±10.1 years, mean BMI was 29.0±6.2 kg/m2 and mean WC was 92.7±16.5 cm. Glutamate was strongly correlated with WC (r=0.66 for men; r =0.76 for women, both p<0.0001) and multiple markers of metabolic dysfunction, particularly fasting triglyceride level (r=0.59 for men; r=0.57 for women, both p<0.0001), HDL-cholesterol level (r=-0.45, p<0.0001 in both sexes) and the HOMA-IR index (r=0.65 for men; r=0.60 for women, both p<0.0001). Logistic regressions showed that glutamate had an excellent accuracy to identify individuals with abdominal obesity (ROC_AUC: 0.90 for both sexes), a good accuracy to identify those with the HTW phenotype (ROC_AUC: 0.81 for men; 0.85 for women) and fair-togood accuracy for the MetS (ROC_AUC: 0.78 for men; 0.89 for women). Conclusion: Glutamate level may represent an interesting potential biomarker of abdominal obesity and metabolic risk