Mise en défense et fortification dans la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle : le village de Comigne (Aude)

Following devastation caused in the Aude country by the Prince of Wales in 1355, numerous villages, fortifications of which were insufficient or ruined, take measures for their defence in the second half of the XIVth century. Comigne village, situated between plain and mountain, is probably in the XIIth century an open village -that is, without collective fortification -but maybe equipped with a private fortification (bastida) after the crusade against the Albigeois. Different sources (handwritten documents, vestiges of masonries, plans of the XVIIIth century, compoix = register of taxes) allow us to know the extent of resources held by the Lord-Abbot of Lagrasse and the villagers, to defend the village against the bands of highwaymen which ravage the sector. Moreover, these sources bring us information about construction techniques and materials used at the end of the XIVth century in the region.A la suite des ravages occasionnés en pays audois par le Prince de Galles en 1355, de nombreux villages dont les fortifications sont insuffisantes ou délabrées prennent des mesures pour leur défense dans la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle. Le village de Comigne, situé entre plaine et montagne, était probablement au XIIe siècle un village ouvert, c’est à dire sans fortification collective, mais peut-être doté d’une fortification privée (bastida) après la croisade contre les Albigeois. Divers documents (sources manuscrites, vestiges de maçonneries, plans du XVIIIe siècle, compoix) permettent de se rendre compte des dispositions retenues par le seigneur-abbé de Lagrasse et les villageois pour mettre en défense le lieu contre les bandes de routiers qui sillonnent le secteur. Ces sources nous apportent par ailleurs des informations sur les matériaux et techniques de construction employés à la fin du XIVe siècle dans la région (1).Loppe Frédéric, Allabert Blandine, Allabert Stéphane. Mise en défense et fortification dans la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle : le village de Comigne (Aude). In: Archéologie du Midi médiéval. Tome 20, 2002. pp. 107-126

Laffont (Jean-Luc), Policer la ville. Toulouse, capitale provinciale au siècle des Lumières, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 4 avril 1997

Allabert Marigeorges. Laffont (Jean-Luc), Policer la ville. Toulouse, capitale provinciale au siècle des Lumières, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 4 avril 1997. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 110, N°224, 1998. pp. 547-554

Atteinte muqueuse dans la papulose lymphomatoïde (quatre cas)

CAEN-BU Médecine pharmacie (141182102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Endothelial cell apoptosis in severe drug-induced bullous eruptions.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are characterized by extensive keratinocyte apoptosis mediated by cytotoxic proteins. Similar features have been found in another severe dysimmune syndrome, allogeneic acute graft-versus-host disease, where endothelial cell apoptosis has been recently characterized. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether endothelial cell apoptosis occurs in dermal vessels of TEN and SJS, and whether it is linked to expression of cytotoxic proteins. METHODS: Skin biopsies of eight patients with severe drug-induced bullous eruptions (four TEN, four SJS), eight with drug-induced urticaria and eight healthy controls were compared. Blood vessel damage was studied by electron microscopy and quantified by CD31 immunostaining. Apoptotic cells, characterized by electron microscopy, were quantified on terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling assay. Immunohistochemistry was also used to characterize and quantify inflammatory cells and granzyme B, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and Fas ligand (FasL) expression. RESULTS: Endothelial cell apoptosis was observed in all TEN and SJS cases: it occurred in 85% of the vessel sections. It occurred in one case of drug-induced urticaria, in 5% of vessel sections, but not in healthy controls. Numbers of CD68+ macrophages and CD8+ T lymphocytes were significantly higher in TEN and SJS compared with both other groups; granzyme B and TNF-alpha but not FasL were expressed. CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of endothelial cell apoptosis in TEN and SJS is important to assess a factor worsening skin damage, with possible extension to other organs. It may also be useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies