Parasites of Astyanax lacustris (Pisces, Characiformes) from Brazilian streams

Abstract Astyanax lacustris is a small characid fish widely distributed in Brazil, with fast-growing and omnivorous feeding habits. Although the species presents economic and ecological importance, little is known about its parasitological fauna in stream environments. This study aimed to characterize the parasitic fauna of A. lacustris in two streams in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Fifty-two specimens of A. lacustris were collected, 22 from the Carolina stream (Lower Iguaçu River) and 30 from the Carreira stream (Upper Paraná River), in July and September 2018. In both streams, there was a low richness of parasites, and the structure of the parasitic community was predominantly composed of monogeneans. These findings may be associated with the gregarious behavior of the host species. Moreover, the low occurrence of endohelminths, may be associated with the fact that in streams, the energy flow is low, and depends directly on the input of allochthonous matter, which favors the formation of shelters for the establishment of macroinvertebrates, which represent important sources of food for the ichthyofauna, and may act as intermediate and paratenic hosts of parasites. These environments require further studies to support conservation measures aimed at maintaining the balance of ecological relationships in these preserved ecosystems

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Biodiversidade dos parasitas de peixes provenientes do rio Sapucaí-Mirim, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Nos últimos anos, os parasitas foram reconhecidos como importantes componentes da biodiversidade global, dado os importantes papéis desempenhados por esses organismos em ecossistemas naturais. Embora o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de parasitas tenha aumentado nas últimas décadas, o número de espécies de parasitas de peixes no Brasil é relativamente baixo quando comparado com a biodiversidade das espécies hospedeiras. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento da biodiversidade dos parasitas de peixes procedentes de quatro locais em uma área sob a influência de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) no rio Sapucaí-Mirim, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, bem como avaliar a estrutura das comunidades de metazoários parasitas de peixes Characiformes e de quatro espécies do gênero Leporinus. Durante o período de março de 2012 a julho de 2013, foram coletados 462 espécimes pertencentes a 16 espécies de peixes das ordens Characiformes, Siluriformes, Gymnotiformes e Perciformes. Observou-se que 86,58% dos espécimes estavam parasitados por pelo menos um taxon de metazoário parasita. Os parasitas encontrados pertenciam a oito diferentes grupos (Myxozoa, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acantocephala, Arthopoda e Annelida), sendo coletado um total de 6.830 parasitas. Noventa e sete taxa de parasitas foram encontrados, sendo que a classe Monogenea foi o grupo que apresentou o maior número de espécies, seguido do filo Nematoda e da sub-classe Digenea. As comunidades parasitárias dos Characiformes apresentaram principalmente diferenças entre as espécies hospedeiras, embora pertencendo a mesma ordem ou família. O local de amostragem, o fator de condição e o tamanho do hospedeiro também influenciaram na distribuição da abundância parasitária de algumas espécies analisadas. As comunidades de parasitas de Leporinus spp. apresentaram principalmente diferenças entre as espécies hospedeiras, sendo que as infracomunidades de Leporinus amblyrhynchus e Leporinus elongatus tenderam a ser mais similares, assim como as de Leporinus friderici e Leporinus octofasciatus. Todas as espécies de parasitas coletados constituem-se de novos registros de localidade, sendo que também foram encontradas espécies novas e foram feitos novos registros de ocorrência em diferentes hospedeiros para várias espécies de parasitas.Recently, parasites have been recognized as important components of global biodiversity because the important roles played by these organisms in natural ecosystems. Although knowledge about the diversity of parasites has increased in recent decades, the number of parasite species of fishes in Brazil is relatively low compared to the biodiversity of host species. Thus, this study aimed to survey the biodiversity of fish parasites from four sampling sites in an area under the influence of Small Hydroelectric Power Plants in the Sapucaí-Mirim River, São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as to evaluate the structure of metazoan parasite communities of Characiformes and four species of Leporinus sp. From March 2012 to July 2013, 462 fish specimens of 16 species of Characiformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes, and Gymnotiformes were collected. It was observed that 86.58% of fish specimens were parasitized by at least one metazoan parasite taxon. The parasites found belonged to eight different groups (Myxozoa, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acantocephala, Arthopoda and Annelida) and a total of 6,830 parasites were collected and analyzed. Ninety-seven parasite taxa were found, and Monogenea was the group that had the highest number of species, followed by Nematoda and Digenea. The parasite communities of Characiformes showed mainly differences among the host species, although belonging to the same order or family. The sampling site, condition factor and the host body size also influenced the distribution of parasite abundance of some fish species analyzed. The metazoan parasite communities of Leporinus spp. primarily showed differences among the host species, wherein the infracommunities of Leporinus amblyrhynchus and Leporinus elongatus tended to be more similar, as well as Leporinus friderici and Leporinus octofasciatus. New locality records are made to all parasite species collected and were also found new parasite species and are made new occurrence records on different hosts for several parasite species.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Análise parasitológica e microbiológica de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criadas em tanques-rese no reservatório de Água Vermelha-SP e suas inter-relações com as variedades limnológicas e fse de criação

O Brasil reúne condições extremamente favoráveis para a aquicultura, principalmente devido ao seu grande potencial hídrico. Nos últimos anos, a tecnologia de piscicultura em tanques-rede vem sendo amplamente difundida no Brasil, uma vez que possibilita o aproveitamento de recursos aquáticos já existentes e exige menores investimentos quando comparado à piscicultura tradicional. O aumento significativo das atividades relacionadas a aquicultura tem aumentado consideravelmente a relevância dos estudos desenvolvidos com parasitas, bactérias e outros patógenos de organismos aquáticos, principalmente daqueles hospedeiros com potencial para o cultivo e para a comercialização. Desta forma, o objetivo deste projeto consistiu em analisar, sob o ponto de vista parasitológico e microbiológico, espécimes de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criadas em tanques-rede no reservatório de Água Vermelha, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, bem como observar suas inter-relações com as variáveis limnológicas e fases de criação. Durante o período de março de 2010 a março de 2011, foram estudados 63 peixes, pertencentes a três fases de criação (inicial, intermediária e final). Com relação à análise parasitológica, verificou-se a presença de quatro espécies e um gênero de protozoário, bem como três espécies e dois gêneros de monogenóides. No período seco, foi observada maior abundância de Trichodina spp. e prevalência de Epistylis sp.; e no período chuvoso, houve maior prevalência de Cichlidogyrus halli. Verificou-se que para a maioria dos ectoparasitas encontrados, os peixes pertencentes às fases intermediária e final encontravam-se com maiores taxas de parasitismo do que aqueles pertencentes a fase inicial. Quanto à análise microbiológica, foi observada a presença de oito espécies e sete gêneros de bactérias...Brazil presents extremely favorable conditions to aquaculture, mainly due to its large hydric potential. In recent years, fish cage technology has been widespread in Brazil because it allows the use of water resources and requires less investment compared to traditional fish farming. Significant growth in activities related to aquaculture has considerably increased the relevance of studies with parasites, bacterias and other pathogens of aquatic organisms, especially of those hosts with potential to fish farming and marketing. Thus, this study aimed to perform a parasitological and microbiological analyzes of tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in fish cages from Água Vermelha Reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as observe their inter-relations with limnological and fish production phase. From March 2010 to March 2011, 63 fish belonging to three fish production phases (initial, intermediate and final) were studied. For the parasitological analysis, it was found four species and one genus of protozoans, as well as three species and two genus of monogeneans. It was observed a higher abundance of Trichodina spp. and prevalence of Epistylis sp. in the dry season and a higher prevalence of Cichlidogyrus halli in the rainy season. The majority of ectoparasites found presented higher rates of parasitism in that fish specimens belonging to intermediate and final phases. In relation to microbiological analysis, it was observed the occurrence of eight species and seven genus of bacteria, and 42.9% of fish were infected with at least one species or genus of these organisms. There were no differences in the prevalence of bacteria in relation to fish phase creation or seasonality. It was observed susceptibility only for two antibiotics tested among bacteria submitted to antibiogram test. According to data obtained, it was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Heteropriapulus heterotylus

<i>Heteropriapulus heterotylus</i> <p>(Fig. 2)</p> <p> Syn. <i>Heterotylus</i> <i>heterotylus</i> Jogunoori, Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004</p> <p> <b>Material studied.</b> HOlOtype (USNPC 93651) and 4 paratypeS (BMNH 2003.9.4.4-12, 19, 23, 24 and 26); 20 SpecimenS frOm <i>Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii</i> frOm the Aguapeí RiVer: 8 VOucherS in CHIOC (38817–38820a, b; 38821a, b; 38822), 8 VOucherS in CHIBB (244–251L) and 4 VOucherS in IPCAS (M-652).</p> <p> <b>Type host.</b> <i>Hypostomus</i> Sp. (SilurifOrmeS: LOricariidae).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Aquaria in Hyderabad and Secunderabad, India (fiSh hOStS Were impOrted Via the aquarium trade).</p> <p> <b>Additional hosts.</b> <i>Hypostomus plecostomus</i>, <i>Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii</i> (neW hOSt recOrd), <i>P. disjunctivus</i> (Weber) and <i>P. pardalis</i> (CaStelnau) (all SilurifOrmeS: LOricariidae).</p> <p> <b>Site of infection.</b> GillS.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> India (intrOduced), Brazil (Aguapeí RiVer, municipality Of CaStilhO, Paraná RiVer baSin, SãO PaulO State, Brazil, 21°3'36.20"S, 51°45'38.58"W—neW geOgraphical recOrd), China (intrOduced), MeXicO (intrOduced).</p> <p> <b>Representative DNA sequence.</b> 1,575 bp lOng Sequence Of the D1–D3 regiOn Of the <i>lsr</i> DNA Of One Specimen frOm <i>P. ambrosettii</i> (GenBank AcceSSiOn NO. MF 116370).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> In additiOn tO the Original deScriptiOn, thiS SpecieS WaS alSO fOund On <i>H. plecostomus</i> intrOduced tO China (Li & Huang, 2012), <i>P. disjunctivus</i> intrOduced tO Japan (Nitta & NagaSaWa, 2013), and inVaSiVe <i>P. pardalis</i> and <i>P. disjunctivus</i> in MeXicO (ROdríguez-SantiagO <i>et al</i>., 2015, 2016). SpecimenS fOund On <i>P. ambrosettii</i> frOm Brazil Were identified aS <i>H. heterotylus</i> and their identificatiOn WaS cOnfirmed by cOmpariSOn With the hOlOtype and paratypeS Of <i>H. heterotylus</i>. NeVertheleSS, Slight difference WaS fOund betWeen SOme Of the meaSurementS Of the neW material frOm Brazil and thOSe in the Original deScriptiOn, eSpecially in greater Size Of the preSent SpecimenS (See Table 2). The cirruS Of the Brazilian SpecimenS preSentS 1½ cOunterclOckWiSe Spiral ringS neXt tO the rOunded baSe, WhereaS the cirruS Of SpecimenS frOm type hOSt preSentS, accOrding tO JOgunOOri <i>et al</i>. (2004), an incOnSpicuOuS prOXimal bend. In the Original deScriptiOn, JOgunOOri <i>et al</i>. (2004) State that the acceSSOry piece iS lOng, Variable and apparently With fOur SubunitS, but Only three SubunitS Were ObSerVed in the SpecimenS frOm Brazil (Fig. 2 C). In the preSent Study, firSt mOlecular data On <i>H. heterotylus</i> are prOVided (Fig. 10), a neW fiSh hOSt iS added and the diStributiOn area iS enlarged including the mOSt prObably Original diStributiOn area Of the SpecieS.</p>Published as part of <i>Acosta, Aline Angelina, Franceschini, Lidiane, Zago, Aline Cristina, Scholz, Tomáš & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2017, Six new species of Heteropriapulus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from South American fishes with an amended diagnosis to the genus, pp. 459-482 in Zootaxa 4290 (3)</i> on pages 465-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/829207">http://zenodo.org/record/829207</a&gt

Heteropriapulus pterygoplichthyi Acosta, Franceschini, Zago, Scholz & Silva, 2017, n. sp.

<i>Heteropriapulus pterygoplichthyi</i> n. sp. <p>urn:lSid:zOObank.Org:act:2E3883AA-55C0-4088-9E46-B7EC49 F38777 (Fig. 8)</p> <p> <b>Type and only known host.</b> <i>Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii</i> (HOlmberg) (SilurifOrmeS: LOricariidae).</p> <p> <b>Site of infection.</b> GillS.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Aguapeí RiVer, municipality Of CaStilhO (Paraná RiVer baSin), SãO PaulO State, Brazil (21°3'36.20"S, 51°45'38.58"W).</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> HOlOtype (CHIOC 38831); 8 paratypeS in CHIOC (38832a,b; 38833–38835; 38836a, b; 38837); 7 paratypeS in CHIBB (CHIBB) and 1 paratype in IPCAS (M-655).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Specific name referS tO the generic name Of itS hOSt SpecieS.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> BaSed On 17 SpecimenS: 16 mOunted in HOyer’S medium and 1 Stained With GOmOri’S trichrOme. BOdy 286–550 (405; n=12) lOng, greateSt Width 60–160 (80; n=12), uSually near mid-length. AcceSSOry granuleS eXtending frOm leVel Of gOnadS tO cephalic lObeS. Male cOpulatOry cOmpleX cOmpriSing nOn-articulated cirruS and acceSSOry piece. CirruS delicate, tOtal curVed length 43–50 (47; n=16), Straight in anteriOr pOrtiOn ShOWing 2 cOunterclOckWiSe Spiral ringS neXt tO rOunded baSe. AcceSSOry piece 42–47 (45; n=16) lOng, cOmpOSed Of 2 SubunitS OVerlapping: One Small, leSS SclerOtized and irregularly Shaped, and anOther lOng, rObuSt, cOnSpicuOuS and StrOngly SclerOtized Shaped aS ‘tWO SickleS’ jOinted at baSe (Fig. 8 C). Vaginal canal ShOrt and SclerOtized, 16–19 (17; n=10) lOng, 17–20 (18; n=10) curVed length, With thickened marginS. HaptOr 39–60 (50; n=12) lOng, 77–113 (87; n=12) Wide, SubtrapezOidal. Ventral anchOrS 21–23 (22; n=17) lOng, length tO nOtch 29–34 (30; n=17), flattened baSe 13–16 (14; n=17) Wide, elOngate Shaft, pOint 25–31 (27; n=17) lOng With recurVed tip eXtending pOSterOVentrally frOm haptOr; anchOr filament dOuble, Well-deVelOped; One SclerOtized patch aSSOciated With baSe Of Ventral anchOr preSent. DOrSal anchOrS 33–37 (34; n=17) lOng, length tO nOtch 26–30 (28; n=17), Well-deVelOped Superficial rOOt 11–13 (12; n=17) lOng, ShOrt deep rOOt 2–4 (3; n=17) lOng, eVenly curVed ShOrt Shaft, Straight pOint 17–19 (18; n=17) lOng. Ventral bar 65–81 (72; n=17) lOng, 7–11 (9; n=17) Wide, 9–20 (14; n=17) high, bent, rOunded endS and incOnSpicuOuS median prOceSS. DOrSal bar bent, 26–32 (29; n=17) lOng, 5–6 (5; n=17) Wide, 8– 12 (10; n=17) high, With Small median prOceSS. SeVen pairS Of Similar hOOkS 12–13 (13) lOng, FH lOOp abOut ½ Of Shank length.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Heteropriapulus pterygoplichthyi</i> <b>n. sp.</b> reSembleS <i>H. microcleithrus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> in the pOSSeSSiOn Of an acceSSOry piece cOmpOSed Of tWO SubunitS that OVerlap, With One Small and leSS SclerOtized and anOther lOnger, mOre rObuSt, cOnSpicuOuS and StrOngly SclerOtized. HOWeVer, <i>H. pterygoplichthyi</i> <b>n. sp.</b> differS in the Shape Of the lOnger Subunit Of the acceSSOry piece, Which iS mOre rObuSt than that Of <i>H</i>. <i>microcleithrus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, being repreSented by ‘tWO SickleS’ jOinted at the baSe (cOmpare FigS. 7 E and 8C). <i>Heteropriapulus pterygoplichthyi</i> <b>n. sp.</b> iS alSO typified by haVing an incOnSpicuOuS medial prOceSS On the Ventral and dOrSal barS.</p>Published as part of <i>Acosta, Aline Angelina, Franceschini, Lidiane, Zago, Aline Cristina, Scholz, Tomáš & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2017, Six new species of Heteropriapulus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from South American fishes with an amended diagnosis to the genus, pp. 459-482 in Zootaxa 4290 (3)</i> on pages 473-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/829207">http://zenodo.org/record/829207</a&gt

Heteropriapulus falxus Acosta, Franceschini, Zago, Scholz & Silva, 2017, n. sp.

<i>Heteropriapulus falxus</i> n. sp. <p>urn:lSid:zOObank.Org:act:27473050-57DC-40A0-AA3A-107485AFFE4F (Fig. 6)</p> <p> <b>Type host.</b> <i>Hypostomus strigaticeps</i> (Regan) (SilurifOrmeS: LOricariidae).</p> <p> <b>Additional host.</b> <i>Hypostomus ancistroides</i> (Ihering) (SilurifOrmeS: LOricariidae).</p> <p> <b>Site of infection.</b> GillS.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Sapucaí-Mirim RiVer (Paraná RiVer baSin), municipality Of SãO JOaquim da Barra, SãO PaulO State, Brazil (20°29'38,38"S, 47°51'33.11"W).</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> HOlOtype (CHIOC 38815) 1 paratype (CHIOC 38816); 3 paratypeS in CHIBB (303–305L).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Specific name in frOm Latin (<i>falx</i> = Sickle) and referS tO the mOrphOlOgy Of the acceSSOry piece.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> BaSed On 5 SpecimenS mOunted in HOyer’S and Grey and WeSS medium. BOdy 224–322 (265; n=4) lOng, greateSt Width 45–65 (57; n=4), uSually near mid-length. AcceSSOry granuleS eXtending frOm leVel Of gOnadS tO cephalic lObeS. Male cOpulatOry cOmpleX cOmpriSing nOn-articulated cirruS and acceSSOry piece. CirruS delicate, tOtal curVed length 31–34 (33; n=3), Straight in anteriOr pOrtiOn, preSenting 1½ cOunterclOckWiSe Spiral ringS neXt tO rOunded baSe. AcceSSOry piece 26–30 (28; n=4) lOng, cOmpOSed Of 2 StrOngly SclerOtized SubunitS OVerlapping: One Small and bent, and anOther lOnger, rObuSt, cOnSpicuOuS, Shaped aS a ‘fOrk’ With One lateral rami; tWO SubunitS tOgether preSent Shape reSembling a ‘Sickle’ (Fig. 6 D). Vaginal canal incOnSpicuOuS, Weakly SclerOtized and Straight. HaptOr 36 (32–42; n=4) lOng, 65 (59–71; n=4) Wide, SubtrapezOidal. Ventral anchOrS 16– 19 (18; n=5) lOng, length tO nOtch 22–26 (24; n=5), flattened baSe 8–10 (9; n=5) Wide, elOngate Shaft, pOint 13–22 (20; n=5) lOng With recurVed tip, pOintS eXtending pOSterOVentrally frOm haptOr; anchOr filament dOuble, mOderately deVelOped; Small and delicate SclerOtized patch aSSOciated With baSe Of Ventral anchOr preSent. DOrSal anchOrS 21–26 (23; n=4) lOng, length tO nOtch 17–20 (18; n=4), elOngate and narrOW Superficial rOOt, 7–9 (8; n=4) lOng, ShOrt deep rOOt 5–6 (5; n=4) lOng, eVenly curVed ShOrt Shaft, Straight pOint 12–15 (14; n=4) lOng. Ventral bar 48–52 (50; n=4) lOng, 4–5 (4; n=4) Wide, 5–8 (7; n=4) high, Straight tO Slightly bent. DOrSal bar 19–23 (21; n=3) lOng, 3 (n=3) Wide, 4 (n=3) high, narrOW and Slightly bent. SeVen pairS Of Similar hOOkS, 11–12 (11; n=3) lOng, preSenting thin and delicate Shaft, FH lOOp abOut ½ Of Shank length.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> ThiS neW SpecieS differS frOm itS cOngenerS mainly by the Shape Of acceSSOry piece reSembling One ‘Sickle’. <i>Heteropriapulus anchoradiatus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> alSO haS the acceSSOry piece cOmpOSed Of 2 StrOngly SclerOtized SubunitS, by the mOrphOlOgy Of theSe StructureS iS markedly different (cOmpare Fig. 4 D and Fig. 6 D). <i>Heteropriapulus simplex</i> and <i>H. bitomus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> haVe the acceSSOry piece cOmpOSed Of Only One unit WhereaS <i>H</i>. <i>heterotylus</i> preSentS 3 Or 4 SubunitS. AdditiOnally, the Superficial rOOt Of dOrSal anchOrS in <i>H. falxus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> iS prOpOrtiOnally mOre elOngated and narrOWer than that Of the cOngenerS. The Vagina Of thiS neW SpecieS iS Weakly SclerOtized and the SmalleSt amOng all SpecieS Of the genuS.</p>Published as part of <i>Acosta, Aline Angelina, Franceschini, Lidiane, Zago, Aline Cristina, Scholz, Tomáš & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2017, Six new species of Heteropriapulus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from South American fishes with an amended diagnosis to the genus, pp. 459-482 in Zootaxa 4290 (3)</i> on pages 471-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/829207">http://zenodo.org/record/829207</a&gt

Heteropriapulus semitortus Acosta, Franceschini, Zago, Scholz & Silva, 2017, n. sp.

<i>Heteropriapulus semitortus</i> n. sp. <p>urn:lSid:zOObank.Org:act:35A68837-DE63-454D-A251-D8C4CD532288 (Fig. 9)</p> <p> <b>Type and only known host.</b> <i>Rhinelepis aspera</i> SpiX & AgaSSiz (SilurifOrmeS: LOricariidae). <b>Site of infection.</b> GillS.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Aguapeí RiVer, municipality Of CaStilhO (Paraná RiVer baSin), SãO PaulO State, Brazil (21°3'36.20"S, 51°45'38.58"W).</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> HOlOtype (CHIOC 38838a); 6 paratypeS in CHIOC (38838b; 38839–38841a, b; 38842); 5 paratypeS in CHIBB (298–302L) and 1 paratype in IPCAS (M- 657).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The name iS frOm Latin and referS tO the Shape Of the cirruS that iS half tWiSted (<i>semi</i> = half + <i>tortus</i> = tWiSted).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> BaSed On 13 SpecimenS mOunted in HOyer’S medium. BOdy 295–412 (345; n=8) lOng, greateSt Width 69–127 (95; n=8) uSually near mid-length. AcceSSOry granuleS eXtending frOm leVel Of gOnadS tO cephalic lObeS. Male cOpulatOry cOmpleX cOmpriSing nOn-articulated cirruS and acceSSOry piece. CirruS delicate, tOtal curVed length 34–44 (40; n=13), Straight in anteriOr pOrtiOn, fOrming 2½ cOunterclOckWiSe Spiral ringS neXt tO rOunded baSe. AcceSSOry piece 23–26 (24; n=13) lOng, cOmpOSed by Single Straight unit functiOning aS cirruS guide (Fig. 9 E). Vaginal canal nOn-SclerOtized. HaptOr 40–66 (51; n=8) lOng, 46–111 (79; n=8) Wide, SubtrapezOidal. Ventral anchOrS 12–16 (14; n=13) lOng, length tO nOtch 18–22 (20; n=13), flattened baSe 6–8 (7; n=13) Wide, elOngate Shaft, pOint 13–17 (15; n=13) lOng With recurVed tip; anchOr filament dOuble, Well-deVelOped; SclerOtized patch aSSOciated With Ventral anchOr abSent. DOrSal anchOrS 12–14 (13; n=13) lOng, length tO nOtch 11–12 (12; n=13), elOngate Superficial rOOt 4–5 (4; n=13) lOng, incOnSpicuOuS deep rOOt 1–2 (2; n=13) lOng, eVenly curVed ShOrt Shaft, Straight pOint 5–7 (7; n=13) lOng, anchOr filament dOuble, mOderately deVelOped. Ventral bar bent, 40– 47 (44; n=10) lOng, 3–4 (4; n=10) Wide, 6–14 (11; n=9) high. DOrSal bar ShOrt, Slightly bent, 18–19 (18; n=9) lOng, 2–3 (2; n=9) Wide, 4–7 (6; n=9) high. SeVen pairS Of Similar hOOkS, 9–10 (9; n=13) lOng, FH lOOp abOut ¾ Of Shank length.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> ThiS neW SpecieS iS eaSily differentiated frOm itS cOngenerS by the mOrphOlOgy Of itS cOpulatOry cOmpleX. The acceSSOry piece iS cOmpOSed Of a Single, Straight unit reSembling that Of <i>H</i>. <i>simplex</i> but differS by the Shape Of the cirruS Which iS SigmOid in <i>H</i>. <i>simplex</i> and WithOut cOilS neXt tO the baSe (cOmpare FigS. 3 C and 9E). <i>Heteropriapulus bitomus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> alSO preSentS acceSSOry piece cOmpOSed Of a Single unit, but Of a different Shape (cOmpare FigS. 5 C and 9E). The acceSSOry piece Of Other SpecieS (<i>H. anchoradiatus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, <i>H. falxus</i> <b>n. sp</b>., <i>H. heterotylus</i>, <i>H. microcleithrus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> and <i>H. pterygoplichthyi</i> <b>n. sp.</b>) iS mOre cOnSpicuOuS, rObuSt, that differ in Shape and cOmpriSe mOre than One Subunit. The cirruS Of <i>H. semitortus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> fOrmS 2½ cOunterclOckWiSe Spiral ringS neXt tO the rOunded baSe, WhereaS that Of Other SpecieS cOntain feWer Spiral ringS: 1½ in <i>H</i>. <i>anchoradiatus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, <i>H. falxus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, <i>H</i>. <i>microcleithrus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, <i>H</i>. <i>heterotylus</i>, and <i>H</i>. <i>bitomus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>, and 2 in <i>H</i>. <i>pterygoplichthyi</i> <b>n. sp.</b>. <i>Heteropriapulus semitortus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> dOeS nOt preSent SclerOtized patch aSSOciated With the baSe Of Ventral bar, like <i>H</i>. <i>simplex</i>, <i>H</i>. <i>anchoradiatus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> and <i>H</i>. <i>microcleithrus</i> <b>n. sp.</b></p>Published as part of <i>Acosta, Aline Angelina, Franceschini, Lidiane, Zago, Aline Cristina, Scholz, Tomáš & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2017, Six new species of Heteropriapulus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from South American fishes with an amended diagnosis to the genus, pp. 459-482 in Zootaxa 4290 (3)</i> on pages 475-476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/829207">http://zenodo.org/record/829207</a&gt