Étude de l'apoD dans un modèle neurodégénératif induit par l'acide kaïnique

De nombreuses pathologies du système nerveux sont associées à une augmentation de l'apolipoprotéineD (apoD), une lipocaline également exprimée au cours du développement normal et du vieillissement. Un gène homologue de l'apoD chez la drosophile a un rôle protecteur dans les situations de stress et son absence réduit la résistance au stress oxydatif et accélère la neurodégénerescence. Notre équipe a été la première à démontrer le rôle protecteur de l'apoD chez les vertèbrés (souris) face à l'encéphalite induite par le cornavirus humain OC43 et aussi face au stress oxydatif induit par le paraquat. Afin de démontrer davantage l'effet bénéfique de l'apoD dans les situations pathologiques du système nerveux central, on a induit la neurodégénerescence en injectant l'acide kaïnique chez des souris transgéniques qui surexpriment l'apoD et des souris témoins non-transgéniques. L'acide kaïnique (analogue du glutamate) est un acide aminé excitateur dont l'activation des récepteurs dans le cerveau cause la dépolarisation des neurones et finalement la mort neuronale par apoptose (mimant la maladie d'Alzheimer). Ainsi ce modèle nous permettra de mesurer l'effet protecteur de l'apoD contre l'apoptose. Suite à l'injection intrapéritonéale, nous avons observé que l'acide kaïnique provoque des crises épileptiques chez les deux groupes de souris peu après l'injection; une légère différence concernant le taux et la gravité des convulsions entre les transgéniques et les non-transgéniques a été détectée. Cependant nous avons démontré par des analyses de type Northern, des immunobuvardages et par RT-PCR semi-quantitatif que l'acide kaïnique induit la surexpression de l'apoD endogène et provoque l'activation des cellules gliales (GFAP) dans l'hippocampe et le cervelet des souris au troisième jour après l'injection. Par contre, on a remarqué la présence de la cyclooxygénase-2 (inflammation) seulement dans l'hippocampe et le cortex de certaines souris (les souris ayant des très fortes convulsions) et son absence totale dans le cervelet. Nous avons aussi montré par la méthode TUNEL que l'acide kaïnique induit l'apoptose dans le cortex, le cervelet et surtout dans l'hippocampe, la zone la plus endommagée dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Chez les souris transgéniques surexprimant l'apoD, dans les mêmes conditions, il y a moins d'apoptose comparativement aux souris de type sauvage, donc l'apoD pourrait jouer un rôle en modulant l'apoptose ainsi que protéger les neurones en prévenant l'apoptose. Les résultats obtenus au cours de différentes étapes de ce projet, tout d'abord mettent au point un modèle animal de neurodégénérescence associé à une surexpression de l'apoD et ensuite révèlent un autre aspect mal connu de rôle protecteur de l'apoD dans la régulation d'apoptose induite par l'acide kaïnique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Apolipoprotéine D, Neurodégénérescence, Acide kaïnique, Transgénique, TUNEL, Alzheimer, Apoptose

TECRL, a new life‐threatening inherited arrhythmia gene associated with overlapping clinical features of both LQTS and CPVT

Genetic causes of many familial arrhythmia syndromes remain elusive. In this study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was carried out on patients from three different families that presented with life-threatening arrhythmias and high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Two French Canadian probands carried identical homozygous rare variant in TECRL gene (p.Arg196Gln), which encodes the trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase-like protein. Both patients had cardiac arrest, stress-induced atrial and ventricular tachycardia, and QT prolongation on adrenergic stimulation. A third patient from a consanguineous Sudanese family diagnosed with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) had a homozygous splice site mutation (c.331+1G>A) in TECRL Analysis of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) dynamics in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) generated from this individual (TECRLHom-hiPSCs), his heterozygous but clinically asymptomatic father (TECRLHet-hiPSCs), and a healthy individual (CTRL-hiPSCs) from the same Sudanese family, revealed smaller [Ca(2+)]i transient amplitudes as well as elevated diastolic [Ca(2+)]i in TECRLHom-hiPSC-CMs compared with CTRL-hiPSC-CMs. The [Ca(2+)]i transient also rose markedly slower and contained lower sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium stores, evidenced by the decreased magnitude of caffeine-induced [Ca(2+)]i transients. In addition, the decay phase of the [Ca(2+)]i transient was slower in TECRLHom-hiPSC-CMs due to decreased SERCA and NCX activities. Furthermore, TECRLHom-hiPSC-CMs showed prolonged action potentials (APs) compared with CTRL-hiPSC-CMs. TECRL knockdown in control human embryonic stem cell-derived CMs (hESC-CMs) also resulted in significantly longer APs. Moreover, stimulation by noradrenaline (NA) significantly increased the propensity for triggered activity based on delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) in TECRLHom-hiPSC-CMs and treatment with flecainide, a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, significantly reduced the triggered activity in these cells. In summary, we report that mutations in TECRL are associated with inherited arrhythmias characterized by clinical features of both LQTS and CPVT Patient-specific hiPSC-CMs recapitulated salient features of the clinical phenotype and provide a platform for drug screening evidenced by initial identification of flecainide as a potential therapeutic. These findings have implications for diagnosis and treatment of inherited cardiac arrhythmias

Angiopoietin-like 2 is essential to aortic valve development in mice

Aortic valve (AoV) abnormalities during embryogenesis are a major risk for the development of aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and cardiac events later in life. Here, we identify an unexpected role for Angiopoietin-like 2 (ANGPTL2), a pro-inflammatory protein secreted by senescent cells, in valvulogenesis. At late embryonic stage, mice knocked-down for Angptl2 (Angptl2-KD) exhibit a premature thickening of AoV leaflets associated with a dysregulation of the fine balance between cell apoptosis, senescence and proliferation during AoV remodeling and a decrease in the crucial Notch signalling. These structural and molecular abnormalities lead toward spontaneous AVS with elevated trans-aortic gradient in adult mice of both sexes. Consistently, ANGPTL2 expression is detected in human fetal semilunar valves and associated with pathways involved in cell cycle and senescence. Altogether, these findings suggest that Angptl2 is essential for valvulogenesis, and identify Angptl2-KD mice as an animal model to study spontaneous AVS, a disease with unmet medical need

Deep Resequencing of GWAS Loci Identifies Rare Variants in <i>CARD9</i>, <i>IL23R</i> and <i>RNF186</i> That Are Associated with Ulcerative Colitis

Genome-wide association studies and follow-up meta-analyses in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) have recently identified 163 disease-associated loci that meet genome-wide significance for these two inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). These discoveries have already had a tremendous impact on our understanding of the genetic architecture of these diseases and have directed functional studies that have revealed some of the biological functions that are important to IBD (e.g. autophagy). Nonetheless, these loci can only explain a small proportion of disease variance (~14% in CD and 7.5% in UC), suggesting that not only are additional loci to be found but that the known loci may contain high effect rare risk variants that have gone undetected by GWAS. To test this, we have used a targeted sequencing approach in 200 UC cases and 150 healthy controls (HC), all of French Canadian descent, to study 55 genes in regions associated with UC. We performed follow-up genotyping of 42 rare non-synonymous variants in independent case-control cohorts (totaling 14,435 UC cases and 20,204 HC). Our results confirmed significant association to rare non-synonymous coding variants in both IL23R and CARD9, previously identified from sequencing of CD loci, as well as identified a novel association in RNF186. With the exception of CARD9 (OR = 0.39), the rare non-synonymous variants identified were of moderate effect (OR = 1.49 for RNF186 and OR = 0.79 for IL23R). RNF186 encodes a protein with a RING domain having predicted E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and two transmembrane domains. Importantly, the disease-coding variant is located in the ubiquitin ligase domain. Finally, our results suggest that rare variants in genes identified by genome-wide association in UC are unlikely to contribute significantly to the overall variance for the disease. Rather, these are expected to help focus functional studies of the corresponding disease loci. © 2013 Beaudoin et al

Lrrk2 alleles modulate inflammation during microbial infection of mice in a sex-dependent manner

Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with Parkinson's disease, leprosy, and Crohn's disease, three disorders with inflammation as an important component. Because of its high expression in granulocytes and CD68-positive cells, LRRK2 may have a function in innate immunity. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, adult mice were intravenously inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, resulting in sepsis. Second, newborn mouse pups were intranasally infected with reovirus (serotype 3 Dearing), which induced encephalitis. In both mouse models, wild-type Lrrk2 expression was protective and showed a sex effect, with female Lrrk2-deficient animals not controlling infection as well as males. Mice expressing Lrrk2 carrying the Parkinson's disease-linked p.G2019S mutation controlled infection better, with reduced bacterial growth and longer animal survival during sepsis. This gain-of-function effect conferred by the p.G2019S mutation was mediated by myeloid cells and was abolished in animals expressing a kinase-dead Lrrk2 variant, p.D1994S. Mouse pups with reovirus-induced encephalitis that expressed the p.G2019S Lrrk2 mutation showed increased mortality despite lower viral titers. The p.G2019S mutant Lrrk2 augmented immune cell chemotaxis and generated more reactive oxygen species during virulent infection. Reovirus-infected brains from mice expressing the p.G2019S mutant Lrrk2 contained higher concentrations of α-synuclein. Animals expressing one or two p.D1994S Lrrk2 alleles showed lower mortality from reovirus-induced encephalitis. Thus, Lrrk2 alleles may alter the course of microbial infections by modulating inflammation, and this may be dependent on the sex and genotype of the host as well as the type of pathogen

Lrrk2 alleles modulate inflammation during microbial infection of mice in a sex-dependent manner

Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with Parkinson's disease, leprosy, and Crohn's disease, three disorders with inflammation as an important component. Because of its high expression in granulocytes and CD68-positive cells, LRRK2 may have a function in innate immunity. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, adult mice were intravenously inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, resulting in sepsis. Second, newborn mouse pups were intranasally infected with reovirus (serotype 3 Dearing), which induced encephalitis. In both mouse models, wild-type Lrrk2 expression was protective and showed a sex effect, with female Lrrk2-deficient animals not controlling infection as well as males. Mice expressing Lrrk2 carrying the Parkinson's disease-linked p.G2019S mutation controlled infection better, with reduced bacterial growth and longer animal survival during sepsis. This gain-of-function effect conferred by the p.G2019S mutation was mediated by myeloid cells and was abolished in animals expressing a kinase-dead Lrrk2 variant, p.D1994S. Mouse pups with reovirus-induced encephalitis that expressed the p.G2019S Lrrk2 mutation showed increased mortality despite lower viral titers. The p.G2019S mutant Lrrk2 augmented immune cell chemotaxis and generated more reactive oxygen species during virulent infection. Reovirus-infected brains from mice expressing the p.G2019S mutant Lrrk2 contained higher concentrations of α-synuclein. Animals expressing one or two p.D1994S Lrrk2 alleles showed lower mortality from reovirus-induced encephalitis. Thus, Lrrk2 alleles may alter the course of microbial infections by modulating inflammation, and this may be dependent on the sex and genotype of the host as well as the type of pathogen

Identification of rare variants associated with ulcerative colitis.

a<p>Positions from Human genome build 36.</p>b<p>Previously reported variant independently identified in the current study.</p>c<p>Minor allele frequencies estimates from combined case:control cohorts; actual allele frequencies can vary between cohorts.</p><p>UC, Ulcerative Colitis; HC, Healthy Controls; NA, data not available.</p

Functional characterization of RNF186.

<p>(A) <i>RNF186</i> encodes a protein with RING domain and two transmembrane domains. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain. This domain contains the disease-coding variant (A64T). (B) <i>RNF186</i> expression response to <i>S. flexneri</i> in young mice (see also <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003723#pgen.1003723.s011" target="_blank">Figure S11</a>). (C) Network building steps. Network is generated by mining multiple sources of interaction databases in Metacore that span human protein-protein, protein-DNA, Protein-RNA and protein-compounds interactions. (D) Transcriptional regulation model for <i>RNF186</i>. IL1-beta and TGF-beta 1 decrease <i>HNF4A</i> mRNA expression <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003723#pgen.1003723-Caja1" target="_blank">[39]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003723#pgen.1003723-Wang1" target="_blank">[41]</a>. Knockdown of retinoid X receptor, alpha (<i>RXRA</i>) down-regulates <i>HNF4A</i> gene expression; RXRA interacts with <i>HNF4A</i> gene <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003723#pgen.1003723-Tomaru1" target="_blank">[24]</a>. <i>HNF4A</i> is a direct target gene of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2); CDX2 increases <i>HNF4A</i> mRNA expression in intestinal epithelial cells <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003723#pgen.1003723-Boyd2" target="_blank">[42]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003723#pgen.1003723-McKinneyFreeman1" target="_blank">[43]</a>. HNF4A binds promoter region of <i>HNF1A</i> and up-regulates its expression. HNF1A interacts with <i>RNF186</i> and regulates its transcription.</p

Integrative sediment quality assessment using a biomarker approach: review of 3 years of field research

14 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 tablas.Recent research efforts in sediment and dredged material assessment research have focused on the inclusion of sublethal endpoints (biomarkers) in acute and long-term bioassays for dredged material characterisation and management. The incorporation of biomarkers as a new line of evidence in a weight of evidence approach allows the determination of more sensitive, longer-term biological information for use in laboratory and in situ sediment/tissue quality guidelines.This work was conducted under the framework of the projects INTEGRAL (Spanish Ministry of Education and Science; CTM2005-07282-C03-C01/TECNO; PHB2005-0100-PC) and was partially financed by the Master Erasmus Mundus (UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop and Unidad Asociada CSIC). Dr. Laura Martín-Díaz would like to thank the Juan de la Cierva Program (Ministry of Education and Science).Peer reviewe