63 research outputs found

    Les propriétés quantitatives du corps dans le Traité des formes (pars posterior) de Gautier Burley

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    Jusqu’au Moyen Âge, le corps occupe une place ambivalente. D’un côté, il est  objet pulsionnel associé à la matière empêchant la spiritualité de l’âme humaine. De l’autre, il constitue un genre indispensable de l’être au côté de la substance, pour penser et définir les êtres étendus. Gautier Burley marqué par la querelle des universaux de son temps, diffusée depuis Porphyre, Aristote, puis Avicenne et Averroès, approfondit dans son Traité des formes les différentes fonctions du corps, tant dans le domaine de la métaphysique et de la logique qu’en philosophie naturelle. Il met en avant la richesse de ses propriétés quantitatives (essence de corporéité, divisibilité, extension) et espère ainsi lutter contre les réductions ontologiques de son adversaire Guillaume d’Ockham selon lequel les corps étendus et divisibles s’identifient seulement à des substances et des qualités dans la nature sans que l’ajout de l’extension et de la divisibilité soit nécessaire.Until the Middle Ages, the body occupies an ambivalent place. On the one hand, it is an instinctually-driven object associated with matter that inhibits the spirituality of the human soul. On the other, it constitutes an indispensable mode related to a substance that enables it to define and comprehend extended beings. Walter Burley, influenced by the debate of universals launched by Aristotle and later taken up by Porphyry, Avicenna and Averroes, deepens in his Treatise De Formis several functions of the body in the fields of metaphysics, logic and natural philosophy. He emphasizes its quantitative properties (corporeality, divisibility, extension) and so hopes to counter the ontological reductions of his opponent William of Ockham, according to whom extended and divisible bodies are identified only with substances and qualities in nature without the necessity of positing extension and divisibility

    Le statut ontologique du temps dans la physique et la théologie de Francesco d’Appignano

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    La concezione del tempo costituisce un elemento originale nell’opera di Francesco d’Appignano: la sua Compilatio come secondo libro delle Sentences offre uno spaccato singolare di influenze relative tanto ai suoi predecessori di XIII secolo, quanto ai suoi contemporanei di XIV. L’esistenza aporetica dell’essere temporale successivo, l’unità del tempo, la sua natura matematica, così come il suo rapporto con il primo movimento celeste, sono elementi fondamentali delle riflessioni del Doctor Succinctus. Da questa raffinata contaminazione di applicazioni della geometria provenienti da tradizioni differenti, lo sviluppo ontologico della categoria delle quantità successive e la riduzione del tempo al movimento, nasce una concezione originale di un infinito attuale popolato da esseri in successione che rappresenta l’eternità e la creazione divina.Francesco’s views on time remains original : his Compilatio as the second book of Sentences seem to be influenced by the commentators of the XIIIth century but by his contemporaries of XIVth century too. The aporetic nature of successive quantitative beings, the unity of time, his mathematical ontology, like his relative being to the first celestial motion are enough of essential elements and subject matter discussed by the Doctor Succinctus. From this subtle alliance of these different traditions of using geometry, stressing the increasing importance of the category of quantity, or the ontological reduction of time and motion appears a singular conception of an actual infinite, which is composed by entities in act and represents eternity and divine creation

    Le lexique de la quantité chez Walter Burley : un glossaire de philosophie naturelle (1310-1340)

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    Qui sont les femmes religieuses médiévales? L’esquive identitaire de la féminité, du symbole au stéréotype

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    The question of medieval women’s identity, such as visionnaries and mystical seers, has been studied in many precious and pertinent ways. These women however remain elusive because their femininity, although it can be patently identified through a cultural masculine framework, calls to overtaking this social status, in order to put gender into news and secondary perspectives. In this paper, we aim to show how religious medieval women sidestepped our feminine identity and faded into the background beside their spiritual aspirations and writings. Their femininity shirked in order to impose itself further genders, in basing on masculine social patterns, in using topic literaries allegories and symbols of feminine theology, through stereotyped transmission of biblical doctrine.La question identitaire des femmes au Moyen Âge, visionnaires, prophétesses ou mystiques, fait l’objet de nombreuses études actuelles, précieuses et pertinentes. Pourtant, ces femmes demeurent insaisissables, car leur féminité, si elle peut clairement s’inscrire et être stigmatisée dans un contexte culturel dominé par les hommes, appelle à un constant dépassement de ce statut social, pour faire du genre un critère secondaire, à exploiter plus subtilement. Notre étude se propose de montrer que les femmes religieuses médiévales ont procédé à une esquive identitaire et se sont effacées derrière leurs aspirations et leurs écrits spirituels. Leur féminité s’est ainsi dérobée, pour mieux s’imposer au-delà des genres, en s’appuyant sur les modèlessociaux masculins, par l’usage topique des allégories littéraires et des symboles de la théologie féminine, par leur transmission stéréotypée des messages bibliques

    La localisation de l’ange chez Alexandre de Halès

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    La somme halésienne est un précieux témoignage d’un «proto-aristotélisme» dans les questions angélologiques sur le lieu et le mouvement local. L’angélologie halésienne est marquée par un avicennisme mêlant les attributs ontologiques immatériels de l’ange avec ceux des substances spirituelles cosmologiques mais aussi avec ceux des substances spirituelles de l’être (l’âme, dans ses relations avec le corps). Cet entrelacs doctrinal se nourrit de riches débats patristiques avec Jean Damascène, Augustin mais aussi avec Gennade de Marseille, jusqu’à l’ère carolingienne avec Raban Maur et Bède, jusqu’à Abélard et Bernard de Clairvaux. Le recours à la théorie aristotélicienne du lieu (Physique IV) constitue aussi un critère métaphysique qui assigne avec autorité une juste place cosmologique à tous les êtres ordonnés dans l’univers. Le Stagirite et ses théories sur le lieu permettent aux écrits halésiens d’interroger la localisation angélique par la substance et par l’opération, questions cruciales à partir de 1277.The theological sum of Alexander of Hales is an important evidence of a «proto-aristotelism» in angelological questions about place and local motion. The angelology of the Irrefragabilis Doctor is marked out with avicennist thought which combines ontological attributes of immaterial angels, intelligible beings and substances of the human souls. These interlaced doctrines are highly developed from patristic debates with John Damascen, Augustine, but with Gennad Massiliensis too, to the Carolingian Period and hence to Cistercian time. The use of the aristotelian theory of place (Physic IV) is a metaphysical criterion for designating a cosmological place to all classified beings in the universe. The Stagirit and his theories on place enable the Halensian Sum of questioning angelical place by substance and operation, which are crucial issues from 1277

    The Science of Sungrazers, Sunskirters, and Other Near-Sun Comets

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    This review addresses our current understanding of comets that venture close to the Sun, and are hence exposed to much more extreme conditions than comets that are typically studied from Earth. The extreme solar heating and plasma environments that these objects encounter change many aspects of their behaviour, thus yielding valuable information on both the comets themselves that complements other data we have on primitive solar system bodies, as well as on the near-solar environment which they traverse. We propose clear definitions for these comets: We use the term near-Sun comets to encompass all objects that pass sunward of the perihelion distance of planet Mercury (0.307 AU). Sunskirters are defined as objects that pass within 33 solar radii of the Sun’s centre, equal to half of Mercury’s perihelion distance, and the commonly-used phrase sungrazers to be objects that reach perihelion within 3.45 solar radii, i.e. the fluid Roche limit. Finally, comets with orbits that intersect the solar photosphere are termed sundivers. We summarize past studies of these objects, as well as the instruments and facilities used to study them, including space-based platforms that have led to a recent revolution in the quantity and quality of relevant observations. Relevant comet populations are described, including the Kreutz, Marsden, Kracht, and Meyer groups, near-Sun asteroids, and a brief discussion of their origins. The importance of light curves and the clues they provide on cometary composition are emphasized, together with what information has been gleaned about nucleus parameters, including the sizes and masses of objects and their families, and their tensile strengths. The physical processes occurring at these objects are considered in some detail, including the disruption of nuclei, sublimation, and ionisation, and we consider the mass, momentum, and energy loss of comets in the corona and those that venture to lower altitudes. The different components of comae and tails are described, including dust, neutral and ionised gases, their chemical reactions, and their contributions to the near-Sun environment. Comet-solar wind interactions are discussed, including the use of comets as probes of solar wind and coronal conditions in their vicinities. We address the relevance of work on comets near the Sun to similar objects orbiting other stars, and conclude with a discussion of future directions for the field and the planned ground- and space-based facilities that will allow us to address those science topics

    Le statut ontologique du temps dans la physique et la théologie de Francesco d’Appignano

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    « Mieux vaut ruse que force » ou l’intelligence au service de l’art militaire : les fondements philosophiques de la ruse

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    International audienceAu Moyen Âge, l’art du stratagème promeut la ruse au rang de qualités intellectuelles les plus prisées sur le plan militaire. Habituellement associée à la perfidie et au péché de tromperie, la ruse s’intègre aussi au code chevaleresque, se prétend meilleure que la violence brute, honorant le célèbre adage, « mieux vaut ruse que force ». Au contraire, dans le Livre des faits et bonnes moeurs du Roi Charles V de Christine de Pizan en particulier, mais aussi dans la littérature des croisades et au XIIIe siècle, la ruse militaire se révèle cultiver un face-à-face dangereusement mimétique avec la force, qu’ elle permet de rentabiliser, pour renforcer et exalter le geste meurtrier
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