Ahkam Al-Qur’an Karya Al-Jashshash (Corak dan Mahzab Tafsir Klasik)

Penafsiran ayat-ayat hukum dalam kitab tafsir Ahkam al-Qur’an karya al-Jashash memliki karakteristik yang menarik untuk diteliti, karena penggunaan metode, bentuk, dan corak dalam penafsirannya tidak seperti penafsiran pada umumnya.Hal ini pada akhirnya mengantarkan penafsiran yang dilakukan oleh al-Jashash yang notabene adalah imam madzhab Hanafi jauh dari konsep ontologisnya tentang penafsiran al-Qur’an itu sendiri.Karena tujuan yang ingin dicapai melalui penafsiran yaitu menyelaraskan kepentingan madzhabnya dalam memaknai ayat-ayat al-Qur'an dari berbagai aspeknya sehingga bisa menuntun terhadap pengenalan atas keesaan Tuhan tidak tercapai, mengingat sistematika penafsiran al-Jashash cendrung mengedepankan pendapat madzhabnya saja, membuat pembahasannya hanyamonoton dan larut seputar problematika fiqh antar madzhab

Protection of Short Transmission Lines Using Microprocessor-Based Distance Relay

Distance protection is used for the protection of transmission or sub-transmission lines, usually 33 KV, 66 KV and 132 KV lines. A distance relay measures the distance between the relay location and the point of fault in terms of impedance, reactance, etc. An mpedance relay measures the line impedance between the fault point and relay location; a reactance relay measures reactance, and mho relay measures a component of admittance. With advances in technology, protective relays have progressed from electromechanical, to solid state to microprocessor-based relays. The increased growth of power systems both in size and complexity has brought about the need for fast and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to maintain system stability. With the development of economical, powerful and sophisticated microprocessors, there is a growing interest in developing microprocessor-based protective relays which are more flexible because of being programmable and are superior to conventional electromagnetic and static relays. The main features which have encouraged the design and development of microprocessor-based protective relays are their economy, compactness, reliability,flexibility and improved performance over conventional relays. The distance relays are preferred to over current relays because they are not nearly so much affected by changes in short-circuit-current magnitude as over current relays are, and, hence are much less affected by changes in generating capacity and in system configuration. This is because distance relays achieve selectivity on the basis of impedance rather than current. This thesis presents the design and operation technique for protection of short transmission lines using microprocessor-based distance relay. The characteristics of a distance relay is realised by comparing voltage and current at the relay location. The ratio of voltage (V) to current (I) gives the impedance of the line section between the relay location and the fault point. The signal will be taken from the transmission line and it will be converted to digital signal then goes to the microprocessor which has a program written in assembly language to estimate the resistance of the protected line, then the decision will be made according to this signal whether it is a fault signal or otherwise, and identify the faulty phases. The faults that have been tested are phase faults and the results have been indicated by giving the indication of the faulty phase at the same time giving signal to trip and isolate the faulty area. Different tests have been made successfully. The thesis presents one of these tests made practicall

Fiber reinforced polymer bar investigation: Long-term in-situ durability and bond strength assessment in conventional and sustainable concrete

Corrosion of steel reinforcement and carbon dioxide emissions are two major global problems. Different methods, techniques, and materials have been implemented to mitigate these problems. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar presents itself as a solid alternative to replace conventional steel reinforcement owing to its fantastic features in resisting corrosion. Its demand is progressively increasing. Cement-based concrete, on the other hand, is not eco-friendly due to the excessive amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions yielded from its cement production. One of the alternatives used to mitigate the use of cement in concrete is fly ash. Fly ash is considered a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and has been only implemented partially to replace cement as a binding material in concrete, however its application has been limited to only limited doses (lower than 30%). In this study, durability and bond-slip investigations were carried out. The durability study was done on GFRP bars extracted from eleven bridges across the United States after being in service from 12 to 20 years. Several tests were conducted on the bar and the surrounding concrete to make the assessment. The tests results showed that there were slight sings for environmental attack but did not show any obvious signs for microstructural deteriorations. In addition, a bond-slip investigation was carried out to evaluate the bond performance of GFRP bars embedded in fly ash-based sustainable concrete. A high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete was implemented; 50% and 70% cement replaced with fly ash were used. The results showed that GFRP bars had less bond strength than that resulted from mild steel bars --Abstract, page iv

The Enhancement of Micro Grinding Process by Using NdFeB to Seize Material Dust

By the substitution of ferrite to NdFeB materials, the process of seizing material dust in micro grinding process will be faster. Magnetic, chemical, corrosion, mechanical and magnetisation properties of the different materials are described and compared to enable the replacement. The concept design of magnetic steel attachment is to build a close steel attachment that can be adhered to pressure vessel so that the material dust will not be plunged out to the environment work. The sample of bonded NdFeB magnet is prepared by mixing die NdFeB powder with 5% of epoxy binder, NdFeB magnet also undergoes Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) test for further analysis. The final test would be the micro grinding process is operated with NdFeB bonded magnet placed at the base of the steel attachment

Empirical Equations for Analysis of Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs

There are many different methods for analysis of two-way reinforced concrete slabs. The most efficient methods depend on using certain factors given in different codes of reinforced concrete design. The other ways of analysis of two-way slabs are the direct design method and the equivalent frame method. But these methods usually need a long time for analysis of the slabs.In this paper, a new simple method has been developed to analyze the two-way slabs by using simple empirical formulae, and the results of final analysis of some examples have been compared with other different methods given in different codes of practice.The comparison proof that this simple proposed method gives good results and it can be used in analysis of two-way slabs instead of other methods

Performance Analysis for Bit-Error-Rate of DS-CDMA Sensor Network Systems with Source Coding

One of the distinguished techniques used with wireless sensor networks to access the network is utilizing direct sequence-code division multiple access. However, amount of consumed energy and multiple access interference are still considered as the main problems with employing such networks. The consumed energy and interference are rising when number of users (receivers) increases. Therefore, this paper is conducted to investigate mitigating influence these factors through analyzing the minimum energy coding which exploits redundant bits for saving power with employing radio frequency link and on-off-keying modulation. These factors are analyzed and discussed for several levels of expected errors in the utilizing channel, through the bit error rates and amount of signal to noise ratio for different number of users.

Characteristics of Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of a Fourth Order Differential Equations with Spectral Parameter in the Boundary Conditions

في هذا البحث تمت مناقشة خصائص القيم الذاتیة ومواقعها على المحور الحقيقي لمسألة القیمة الحدودیة من الرتبة الرابعة مع المعلمة الطيفية في الشروط الحدودیة . لقد أثبتنا أن مشكلتنا الموصوفة لها حل وحيد ، و إضافة إلى ذلك ،  عرضنا خصائص الدوال الذاتية ومشتقاتها في الفضاء   .The characteristics of eigenvalues, and their positions on the real axis are discussed in this article for a fourth order eigenvalue problem with a spectral parameter in the boundary conditions. We have demonstrated that our described problem has a unique solution, as well as, it is shown the characteristics of eigenfunctions and their derivatives in the spac

An Overview of Research in the Field of Project Construction and Management

The success of failure of a project depends on various organizational and non organizational factors. Various stakeholders are often tasked with different roles to ensure success of a given project. The success of a project is predominantly defined by the end user satisfaction while in most cases it is defined by the number of stakeholders who affirms that most of the project requirements were addressed. Other than satisfaction of the stakeholders, managerial skills have a stake in the success of the project. A good manager is one that ensures there is flow of information between the project owners and the team players to ensure success of the project. This chapter highlights some of the risks that could jeopardize the success of a project and outlines the effective measures that would ensure a project is successfully completed. A good project is one that works within the allocated time and budget, since those are the crucial parameters used to evaluate the success of a project. The chapter reviews four foreign articles alongside ten Persian articles

Seasonal dynamics of heavy metal uptake in some aquatic plants of the Tigris River

This work aimed to study the accumulation of heavy metals Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Nickel in different aquatic plants along the Tigris River. The research focused on the seasonal variations in heavy metal uptake by Phragmites australis, Typha domingensis, Persicaria salicifolia, Azolla filiculoides, and Ceratophyllum demersum. Samples were collected from three distinct locations along the river, each characterized by varied environmental conditions. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, the quantified metal concentrations were measured, revealing significant differences across seasons and locations. The study provides crucial insights into the dynamics of heavy metal accumulation in riverine ecosystems, underscoring the role of environmental factors and plant species in metal uptake