30 research outputs found
Imaging of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using distributed tunnel junction readout on superconducting absorbers
Single-photon imaging spectrometers of high quantum efficiency in the
infrared to ultraviolet wavelength range, with good timing resolution and with
a vanishing dark count rate are on top of the wish list in earth-bound
astronomy, material and medical sciences, or quantum information technologies.
We review and present improved operation of a cryogenic detector system
potentially offering all these qualities. It is based on a superconducting
absorber strip read out with superconducting tunnel junctions. The detector
performance is discussed in terms of responsivity, noise properties, energy and
position resolution. Dynamic processes involved in the signal creation and
detection are investigated for a basic understanding of the physics, and for
possible application-specific modifications of device characteristics.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Distributed readout detectors using superconducting tunnel junctions
Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) are able to measure the energy of
single photons in the range from near infrared to X-rays. They provide
simultaneous information of the impact time and wavelength of an absorbed
photon. The main difficulty of these detectors compared with conventional
imaging detectors lies in their limited pixel number. Each STJ has to be
connected independently and therefore the wiring becomes technologically more
demanding as the number of STJs increases. One approach to solving this problem
is to use a single large absorber and to distribute STJs for position sensitive
signal readout. This configuration is able to detect single optical photons
with an energy resolution close to that of a single STJ pixel.
We have produced a Ta absorber strip with Ta/Al/AlOx/Al/Nb/Ta junctions at
either end. The energy and position of single photons were measured
simultaneously. The energy resolving power approaches the theoretical limit. We
will present a simple Monte Carlo simulation which reproduces the measurement
exactly.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure
Self-cooling cryogenic microcalorimeters made of SINIS junctions
High quality low leakage SINIS devices made of Al-AlMn-Al layers were
fabricated for energy dispersive single photon detection. Information on
different heat flow channels was extracted from the measured dynamics of
detector signals due to X-ray events. At the optimum operation point, the
extracted effective electron temperature decreased from 88 mK down to 43 mK due
to self-cooling, roughly doubling the detector sensitivity.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
Nonsolar astronomy with the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI)
The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) is a NASA Small Explorer satellite designed to study hard x-ray and gamma-ray emission from solar flares. In addition, its high-resolution array of germanium detectors can see photons from high-energy sources throughout the Universe. Here we discuss the various algorithms necessary to extract spectra, lightcurves, and other information about cosmic gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, and other astrophysical phenomena using an unpointed, spinning array of detectors. We show some preliminary results and discuss our plans for future analyses. All RHESSI data are public, and scientists interested in participating should contact the principal author
Landscape Movements of Migratory Birds and Bats Reveal an Expanded Scale of Stopover
Many species of birds and bats undertake seasonal migrations between breeding and over-wintering sites. En-route, migrants alternate periods of flight with time spent at stopover – the time and space where individuals rest and refuel for subsequent flights. We assessed the spatial scale of movements made by migrants during stopover by using an array of automated telemetry receivers with multiple antennae to track the daily location of individuals over a geographic area ∼20×40 km. We tracked the movements of 322 individuals of seven migratory vertebrate species (5 passerines, 1 owl and 1 bat) during spring and fall migratory stopover on and adjacent to a large lake peninsula. Our results show that many individuals leaving their capture site relocate within the same landscape at some point during stopover, moving as much as 30 km distant from their site of initial capture. We show that many apparent nocturnal departures from stopover sites are not a resumption of migration in the strictest sense, but are instead relocations that represent continued stopover at a broader spatial scale
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
Abstract
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries