Konfliktide lahendamine kahe riigi vahel pärast sõjalisi kokkupõrkeid Venemaa ning Türgi ja Iisraeli lennukiintsidentide näitel

See töö analüüsib Venemaa poliitikat Lähis-Idas. Kaks Venemaa sõjalennukid olid maha lastud Türgi ja Süüria sõjavägede poolt, kuid teisel juhtumil süüdistas Venemaa Iisraeli maha laskmises. Kaks lennukiintsidendi on sarnased, kuid Venemaa käitus erinevalt Türgi ja Iisraeli puhul. Kuigi lõppude lõpuks saavutas Venemaa rahu kahe riigiga. Selle töö käigus võrdleb autor kaht lennukiintsidendi. Eesmärgiks on aru saada, mis mõjutas Venemaa välispoliitikat kahe intsidendi puhul ja püstitada hüpoteesi - missugust välispoliitikat teostab Venemaa Türgi ja Iisraeli vastu.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5355570*es

Photosynthetic Activity of Cup Plant Depending on the Method of Seeding

Biological farming throughout the world is becoming a necessity for the production of safe products, and the preservation of fertility and biodiversity. In this direction, there is a significant interest of the scientific community in the perennial culture – cup plant. The cup plant has a wide range of uses in economic activities and due to its high resistance to diseases and pests, the long-term use of its plantations without replanting, and the accumulation of a significant mass of organic matter in the soil, it can be used to expand the species diversity of perennial grasses in the biological farming system. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of the seeding method and seeding rate on photosynthetic activity and dry matter productivity of the cup plant in the forest-steppe conditions of Western Siberia. It was found that with an ordinary method of sowing at a seeding rate of 4 million pcs/ha, the grass stand in the first cut had the highest rates of photosynthetic activity on average over the years of research: the leaf area was 14.8 m2 /m2 , the photosynthetic potential was 4.0 million m2 day/ha and the net productivity of photosynthesis was 2.0 g/m2 ⋅ day. In the second cut, the figures were 8.4 m2 /m2 , 1.9 million m2 day/ha and 2.8 g/m2 ⋅ day, respectively. The optimal density of herbage and active photosynthetic activity in the cup plant using this method of sowing contributed to a significant yield of dry matter of 12.6 t/ha with a high level of PAR absorption of 2.9%. Keywords: cup plant, yield, photosynthesis, sowing metho

Experience in strengthening foundations and foundations on technogenic soils

The article discusses modern methods of strengthening foundations on artificial bases that have received excessive precipitation and rolls. In the course of studies, it was found that the use of bored piles allows transferring the load to the underlying reliable foundation at any depth, and cementing the foundation soil contributes to improving the physical and mechanical characteristics of the backfill soil

Moodle calculated questions as a means of testing knowledge and skills

Problem statement. Fraud in the conduct of computer testing is a significant risk factor for incorrect assessment of learning outcomes. Modern technical means (smartphones, smart watches, etc.) allow test-takers to freely use the database of correct answers to the test tasks created during the preparation for the exam or purchased on the side of the database during the control. This circumstance reduces the reliability of computer testing. Methodology. Among the types of testing questions offered by Moodle, calculated tasks with the ability to program the correct answer and random number generators for generating initial data stand out. Such tasks, while maintaining the meaning, allow you to create an almost unlimited number of options for initial data and correct answers. The numerical answer entered from the keyboard is compared with the calculated correct value and a decision is made on the assessment. The capabilities of the built-in programming language of the correct answer, in particular, are limited by the absence of a conditional operator, which narrows the range of possible tasks to be solved. Results. The authors, using the declarative principle of programming, proposed sequences of statements in the built-in programming language of the Moodle computed question that implement the traditional if statement. The proposed method allows you to expand the capabilities of the programming language built into the question, but does not make it universal due to the lack of loop operators. Another type of Moodle test item, “Formulas”, is mentioned. Known methods of its programming provide even more opportunities for creating task options. The results of the experiment are presented. Conclusion. The use of calculated tasks with random input data will reduce the number of cases of fraud during computer testing and will allow, in some cases, to test not only knowledge, but also skills

Sputtered NbN Films for Ultrahigh Performance Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Nowadays ultrahigh performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are the key elements in a variety of devices from biological research to quantum communications and computing. Accurate tuning of superconducting material properties is a powerful resource for fabricating single-photon detectors with a desired properties. Here, we report on the major theoretical relations between ultrathin niobium nitride (NbN) films properties and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors characteristics, as well as ultrathin NbN films properties dependence on reactive magnetron sputtering recipes. Based on this study we formulate the exact requirements to ultrathin NbN films for ultrahigh performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Then, we experimentally study ultrathin NbN films properties (morphology, crystalline structure, critical temperature, sheet resistance) on silicon, sapphire, silicon dioxide and silicon nitride substrates sputtered with various recipes. We demonstrate ultrathin NbN films (obtained with more than 100 films deposition) with a wide range of critical temperature from 2.5 to 12.1 K and sheet resistance from 285 to 2000 ~$\Omega$/sq, as well as investigate a sheet resistance evolution over for more than 40\% within two years. Finally, we found out that one should use ultrathin NbN films with specific critical temperature near 9 K and sheet resistance of 400 ~$\Omega$/sq for ultrahigh performance SNSPD.Comment: The following article has been submitted to APL Materials. After it is published, it will be found at https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apm. Copyright 2023 Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) Licens

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Vaikuttavuustutkimus Hämeenlinnan moniammatillisen Ankkuri-tiimin intervention vaikutuksesta 15–17-vuotiaiden nuorten rikoskäyttäytymiseen

Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkitaan, kuinka Hämeenlinnan moniammatillisen Ankkuri-tiimin interventio on mahdollisesti vaikuttanut vuonna 2015 rikoksilla oireilevien 15–17-vuotiaiden nuorten rikoskäyttäytymiseen. Opinnäytetyö on toteutettu kvantitatiivisena, eli määrällisenä tutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen perusjoukko muodostettiin kaikista Hämeenlinnan seutukunnan alueella asuvista 15–17-vuotiaista nuorista, jotka olivat olleet epäiltynä 1.1.2015–31.12.2015 välisenä aikana tapahtuneeseen rikokseen. Perusjoukko jaettiin koe- ja vertailuryhmään sen perusteella, oliko nuoren rikosasia käsitelty Ankkurissa vai sen ulkopuolella. Koeryhmään (N=127) kuuluneiden nuorten rikosasia oli käsitelty Ankkuri-tiimissä, kun taas vertailuryhmän (N=157) nuorten rikosasia oli käsitelty Ankkurin ulkopuolella tavanomaisessa esitutkintaprosessissa tai sakkomenettelyssä. Tutkimuksessa tutkittiin intervention mahdollista vaikuttavuutta tarkastelemalla nuorten rikoskäyttäytymistä poliisin omasta RikiTrip-tietojärjestelmästä uusien rikosilmoitusten perusteella vuoden eteenpäin rikosasian käsittelystä. Tutkimustuloksia tarkasteltaessa on huomioitava, että vaikuttavuuden eli kausaalisuuden osoittaminen on kuitenkin erittäin haastavaa ja sisältää paljon rajoituksia. Koe- ja vertailuryhmien erilaisuuden sekä ilmirikollisuusmittarin johdosta tulokset ovat korkeintaan suuntaa antavia. Tutkimuksesta saadut tulokset antavat viitteitä siitä, että Ankkuri-toiminnalla pystyttäisiin ennalta estämään nuorten uusia rikoksia tehokkaammin verrattuna nuorten rikosasian käsittelyyn tavanomaisessa esitutkintaprosessissa tai sakkomenettelyssä, missä vertailuryhmän nuorten rikosasiat oli käsitelty. Ankkuri-tiimin käsittelyssä olleista nuorista ainoastaan viidennes (20 %) oli epäiltynä uuteen tai uusiin rikoksiin vuoden sisällä interventiosta, kun taas vertailuryhmään kuuluneista nuorista joka kolmas (33 %) oli epäiltynä uuteen tai uusiin rikoksiin vuoden tarkastelujakson aikana