Un Agenda de l'action pour la biodiversité : attentes et enjeux à court et moyen termes

Policy brief, Iddri Décryptage n°4 avril 201

Strukturni pokazatelji grozda i bobice klonova sorte Burgundac crni i njihov uticaj na hemijske karakteristike vina

Research were carried out in the vineyard of Experimental field “Radmilovac” at Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade and included 3 Pinot Noir clones: R4, 115 and 667. For the purpose of research the structural indicators of grape and berries by are selected ten vines of each clone. Wine of the clones was prepared by procedure microvinification. Of all the tested clones, clone R4 had the best relationship structure of the bunch (bunch stem - 3.91%, and berries - 96.09%) and the highest concentration of total phenolic compounds. A strong correlation between the skin in the berries and the total phenolic compounds in all wine was founded.Istraživanja su obavljena na OD “Radmilovac” Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu i obuhvatila su tri klona sorte Burgundac crni: R4, 115 i 667. Za ispitivanja strukturnih pokazatelja grozda i bobice odabrano je po 10 čokota svakog klona. Vino od klonova je spravljeno postupkom mikrovinifikacije. Od svih ispitivanih klonova, klon R4 je imao najpovoljniji odnos strukture grozda (ogrozdina - 3,91%; bobice - 96,09%), kao i najveću koncentraciju ukupnih fenolnih jedinjenja u vinu. Kod ispitivanih klonova je utvrđena jaka korelaciona zavisnost između udela pokožice u bobici i količine ukupnih fenolnih jedinjenja u vinu

MONITORING OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VIROLOGIC SUCCESSFULLY TREATED HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN SERBIA

The number of CD4 lymphocytes defines the evolutional stage of HIV-infection and is the most important for a reliable estimation of the individual risk of developing AIDS. However, it is difficult to predict the degree of immune reconstitution during antiretroviral therapy, as it varies significantly from one person to another. Further investigations to better understand the limitations of immunological success are necessary to improve the response to treatment and regimen durability. The current study includes HIV-infected patients in Southeastern Serbia with achieved virologic suppression of HIV infection. The CD4 count was determined by flow cytometry, and was correlated with the duration of treatment, initial number of CD4 cells, type of antiretroviral therapy, mode of transmission of infection, age and gender of examinees. The resulting arithmetic mean and standard deviation of CD4 number was 473±259 cells/µl (range, 1130 cells/µl). There was no statistically significant correlation between the values of CD4 count and length of treatment, stage of the infection at which the therapy was started, treatment profile, method of infection, age or gender. The obtained results are comparable with the existing studies that follow immunological response to antiretroviral therapy and primarily point out the issue of substantial individual response variability, which has not yet been fully elucidated

RELIABILITY OF THE BICAUDATE PARAMETER IN THE REVEALING OF THE ENLARGED LATERAL VENTRICLES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS

Introduction: In schizophrenia patients the lateral ventricle enlargement has mostly been reported in relationship with smaller cortical and/or subcortical brain volumes; and it has been observed that ventricular system growth may be a consequence of the smaller caudate nucleus volume. Bicaudate parameters have been used in the Alzheimer dementia and Huntington’s chorea diagnosing in order to evaluate brain changes and the enlargement of the lateral ventricles. Subjects and methods: This study has been carried out on 140 patients out of which 70 patients (30 men and 40 women) who met the ICD 10 criteria for schizophrenia and 70 healthy controls (30 men and 40 women) matched on sex and age with the studied group. All of them underwent direct caudatometry and volume computation based on MRI scans. Results: Except for the bicorporal line, for all the parameters were obtained the statistically highly significant differences between the examined and control groups. Significant correlation was established for the majority of bicaudate parameters and volumes of the caudate nuclei and lateral ventricles. Discussion: Enlargement of the lateral ventricles is one of the most frequent MRI finding in schizophrenia patients. Ventricles are enlarging gradually and frontal horns are more affected than other parts. The increased volumes of the caudate nuclei signalized that ventricular enlargement is not the consequence of the caudate atrophy. Conclusion: Bicaudate parameters are reliable parameters for the quick orientation in order to assess the enlarged ventricles in schizophrenia patients

SOME IMPORTANT AGROBIOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROMISING GRAPEVINE GENOTYPES OBTAINED FOR RED WINE PRODUCTION

This paper describes some important properties of five new grapevine genotypes (8533, 7912, 15212, 13283 and 14558) created for red wine production. Yield, mechanical properties of bunch and berry, and quality properties of grapes were analyzed. Genotype 7912 had a high yield (2.75 kg vine-1). The high contents of anthocyanins in grape berry skin were found in the genotypes 8533, 13283 and 15212 (10.65; 10.36; 10.07 mg/sample). Quality of grape of examined genotypes were determined to be high under the agroecological conditions of Belgrade grape growing region in Serbia. Genotype 13283 appeared to be the most promising for yield and grape quality. All the investigated genotypes have been proposed to the Committee on new varieties in Serbia

Sustainability limits needed for CO2 removal

International audienceMany governments and industries are relying on future large-scale, land-based carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR) to avoid making necessary steep greenhouse gas (GHG) emission cuts today (1, 2). Not only does this risk locking us into a high overshoot above 1.5°C (3), but it will also increase biodiversity loss, imperiling the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) goals (4). Such CDR deployments also pose major economic, technological, and social feasibility challenges; threaten food security and human rights; and risk overstepping multiple planetary boundaries, with potentially irreversible consequences (1, 5, 6). We propose three ways to build on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) analyses of CDR mitigation potential by assessing sustainability risks associated with land-use change and biodiversity loss: estimate the sustainable CDR budget based on socioecological thresholds; identify viable mitigation pathways that do not overstep these thresholds; and reframe governance around allocating limited CDR supply to the most legitimate uses

Dynamiques de long terme du carbone et de l'azote dans des systèmes sol-arbre parisiens

Urban areas impose multiple and intense environmental changes on the ecosystems they contain or that surround them, and the ecosystem responses to urban environments are still poorly known, even on fundamental ecosystem processes such as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. The dynamics of urban ecosystems, especially on the long-term, have received little attention. The present work uses a 75-year chronosequence of street soil-tree systems (plantations of Tilia tomentosa Moench) in Paris, France, as its main case study to detect long-term patterns in urban C and N cycling and infer potential underlying mechanisms. This thesis describes age-related patterns of C and N accumulation in soils, and we hypothesize that tree root-derived C and deposited N from the atmosphere and animal waste accumulate in soils. Then, an analysis of soil particle-size fractions further points towards a recent accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM), and 13C and 15N analysis suggests that tree roots are a major contributor to the increase of SOM content and N retention. Potential nitrification and denitrification rates increase with street system age, which seems driven by an increase in ammonia-oxidising bacteria. The long-term dynamics of C seem characterized by increasing belowground inputs coupled with root-C stabilization mechanisms. For N, the losses are likely compensated by exogenous inputs, part of which is retained in plant biomass (roots) and SOM.These results are then discussed in light of results obtained on Parisian black locust systems (Robinia pseudoacacia Linnæus), as well as other data, and management recommendations are proposed.Les régions urbaines imposent d’intenses et multiples changements environnementaux sur les écosystèmes qu’elles contiennent et qui les entourent, et les réponses des écosystèmes à ces environnements urbains est encore relativement peu connue, même pour des processus fondamentaux comme les cycles du carbone (C) et de l’azote (N). Ce travail utilise une chronoséquence de systèmes sol-arbre d’alignement (plantations de Tilia tomentosa Moench) de 75 ans, situés à Paris, comme étude de cas principale, afin de détecter des tendances de long terme dans les cycles urbain du C et du N et d’en inférer les potentiels mécanismes sous-jacents. Un patron d’accumulation du C et du N dans les sols de rue est décrit, et nous faisons l’hypothèse que le C dérivé des racines, et le N issu des dépôts atmosphérique et apports animaux, s’accumulent dans ces sols. Ensuite, une analyse des fractions organo-minérales des sols suggère qu’il y a bien une accumulation de matière organique du sol (MOS) relativement récente. Les analyses 13C et 15N suggèrent que les racines sont un contributeur majeur à cette augmentation de la teneur en MOS et de la rétention du N exogène. Les taux de nitrification et de dénitrification potentielles augmentent avec l’âge des systèmes de rue, ce qui semble être déterminé par une augmentation des bactéries oxydant l’ammoniaque. Les dynamiques de long terme pour le C semblent caractérisées by une augmentation des apport hypogés couplée à des mécanismes de stabilisation du C racinaire. Pour le N, les sorties de N semblent contrebalancées par d’importants apports exogènes et les racines, apports dont une partie est retenue dans la biomasse végétale (racines) et la MOS

Experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean with mainstreaming biodiversity in the productive, economic and financial sectors

The severity of cascading global environmental, climate, economic, social and health crises is such that they sometimes seem insurmountable. ECLAC has therefore compiled a set of best practices, drawing from cases in Latin America and the Caribbean that can serve as models to promote comprehensive structural change and improve socioeconomic and environmental well-being. This study addresses challenges, opportunities and lessons learned as to how mainstreaming biodiversity in the agriculture, fisheries, forestry, financial, manufacturing, infrastructure and tourism sectors is a catalyst for the transition towards comprehensive development, in line with the 2030 Agenda, and a fundamental tool for the implementation of the new post-2020 global biodiversity framework. The cases, implemented at varying scales, in diverse ecosystems and with different approaches, show that the shift towards environmentally-friendly production and development patterns is under way in various sectors of the region and that initiatives can be replicated and scaled up.Presentation .-- Executive summary .-- Introduction .-- I. Biodiversity, the 2030 agenda and the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework .-- II. Biodiversity mainstreaming in productive, economic and financial sectors .-- III. Selected experiences of biodiversity mainstreaming in the productive, economic and financial sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean .-- IV. Challenges facing biodiversity mainstreaming in Latin America and the Caribbean .-- V. Opportunities to support and scale up biodiversity mainstreaming .-- VI. Key messages .-- VII. Recommendations

Services écosystémiques et adaptation urbaine interscalaire au changement climatique : un essai d’articulation

Le questionnement des liens entre végétation et climat urbain est assez ancien dans l’histoire des idées, mais il prend une dimension particulière dès lors que l’on remanie les termes du problème en « services écosystémiques et adaptation au changement climatique ». Cette nouvelle association appelle à un effort particulier d’articulation et d’évaluation, et donc à un retour sur les différents enjeux que recoupe l’exploration du lien entre écosystèmes et adaptation urbaine au changement climatique. L’article revient dans un premier temps sur le concept de services écosystémiques et propose une première esquisse de cadre pour l’évaluation du recours aux services écosystémiques comme stratégie urbaine d’adaptation au changement climatique. Ensuite, une revue des services et desservices écosystémiques en lien avec l’adaptation urbaine est proposée, tout un insistant sur la nécessité d’une approche intégrée. Enfin, l’article aborde les jeux d’échelles inhérents à la conception de la durabilité urbaine, et interroge le concept de trame verte quant à sa pertinence dans le cadre d’une adaptation urbaine interscalaire au changement climatique.Interest in the links between vegetation and urban climate dates rather far back in the history of ideas, but it takes a whole new dimension when reframed as an "ecosystem services and climate change adaptation" problem. This new association calls for articulation and evaluation, and thus implies a review of the different issues encountered when exploring the link between ecosystems and urban adaptation to climate change. In this paper, we first give an overview of the concept of "ecosystem services". We suggest a framework to analyse the usefulness of this notion in the design of urban adaptation strategies. We then review ecosystem services and disservices in relation with urban adaptation, arguing that this requires an integrated approach. Last, we tackle cross-scale interactions that are inherent to urban sustainability design, and question the greenway concept regarding its relevance to cross-scale urban adaptation to climate change