The Antioqueña Minery and its Influencein the Primary Acumulation of Capital

El presente artículo pretende mostrar cómo la actividad de la minería de oro llevada a cabo en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) durante los siglos XVIII y XIX en sus modalidades de veta y aluvión, permitió formar el recurso humano requerido y generar la acumulación de capital necesaria para que, conjugados los factores técnicos y económicos, se presentara en la Región un proceso sostenido de industrialización durante los años finales del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX.The present article pretend to exhibit how the activity of the minery of gold in the Antioquia Department (Colombia) in the centuries XVIII and XIX in its modes of beta and alluvion, permit to form the human resource needed and to generate the acumulation of capital and technic and economic factors. This situation influenced in the region for the industrial process sustained in the ends of the century XIX and the first half of the century XX

Learning sequential and parallel runtime distributions for randomized algorithms

In cloud systems, computation time can be rented by the hour and for a given number of processors. Thus, accurate predictions of the behaviour of both sequential and parallel algorithms has become an important issue, in particular in the case of costly methods such as randomized combinatorial optimization tools. In this work, our objective is to use machine learning to predict performance of sequential and parallel local search algorithms. In addition to classical features of the instances used by other machine learning tools, we consider data on the sequential runtime distributions of a local search method. This allows us to predict with a high accuracy the parallel computation time of a large class of instances, by learning the behaviour of the sequential version of the algorithm on a small number of instances. Experiments with three solvers on SAT and TSP instances indicate that our method works well, with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.85 for SAT instances and up to 0.95 for TSP instances

Automatic assessment of object oriented programming assignments with unit testing in Python and a real case assignment

In this paper, we focus on developing automatic assessment (AA) for a topic that has some difficulties in its practical assessment: object oriented programming (OOP). For evaluating that the OOP principles have been correctly applied to a real application, we use unit testing. In this paper, we focus on prioritizing that the students understand and apply correctly complex OOP principles and that they design properly the classes (including their relationships). In addition, we focus on the Python programming language rather than the typical previous works' focus in this area. Thus, we present a real case study of a practical assignment, in which the students have to implement characters for a video game. This assignment has the particularities and advantages that it is incremental and that it applies all four OOP principles within a single assignment. We also present its solution with the UML class diagram description. Furthermore, we provide unit testing for this case study and give general advice for generalizing the unit tests to other real case scenarios. Finally, we corroborate the effectiveness of our approach with positive student evaluation

La protección constitucional del derecho a la vida en Colombia y la gobernabilidad democrática como estrategia política y ciudadana para su fortalecimiento.

RESUMEN La presente Tesis Doctoral, presentada como requisito para optar al título de Doctor en Derecho Constitucional, tiene por objeto estudiar profundamente y desde un enfoque político-constitucional el Artículo 11 de la Constitución Política de Colombia que reza: El derecho a la vida es inviolable. No habrá pena de muerte. Ello con el propósito de determinar si la masiva violación de este derecho en el País se debe a deficiencias en las garantías jurídicas existentes o si, siendo estas suficientes, la explicación se encuentra más bien en la incorrecta formulación de las políticas gubernamentales y en el deficiente funcionamiento de las instituciones políticas creadas para tal fin; haciéndose por tanto necesario buscar soluciones más desde el ámbito político tal como lo plantea la Gobernabilidad Democrática, que desde el ámbito puramente jurídico como lo plantea la teoría constitucional. Para ello, la Tesis Doctoral se compone de tres grandes bloques: Un primer bloque en el cual se estudia en detalle la normativa que, relativa al respeto, protección y promoción de la vida, comporta carácter obligante para Colombia, tanto desde el ámbito nacional como continental y universal. Allí se analiza el concepto mismo de Derecho a la Vida, así como su protección en la Constitución Política, en sus normas derivadas, en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional y en los muy diversos acuerdos y convenios que, relativos a los derechos humanos, el País ha firmado y ratificado en el ámbito continental con la Organización de Estados Americanos y en el ámbito universal con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, los cuales revisten especial importancia para Colombia toda vez que, por medio del llamado Bloque de Constitucionalidad, hacen parte del derecho interno. Este análisis de la normativa existente, se ve complementado con el estudio de las garantías jurisdiccionales y no jurisdiccionales que cada una de las instancias señaladas presenta para alcanzar su cumplimiento. Un segundo bloque estudia la magnitud de la violación del Derecho a la Vida en Colombia en cifras reales -relación entre la norma y la realidad-, y para ello tiene presente tanto el contexto general del País como las hipótesis tradicionalmente manejadas que explican la violencia homicida colombiana en razón de su situación de pobreza o del Conflicto Armado Interno. En este bloque, se desvirtúan ambas hipótesis, se introduce el fenómeno del narcotráfico como variable fundamental para explicar la presencia de una subcultura de la muerte y se determina la responsabilidad político-constitucional que al Estado colombiano le compete por no garantizar realmente en su territorio la plena vigencia del Derecho a la Vida. Un tercer bloque conjuga el análisis de la teoría jurídica y la realidad homicida de Colombia y, a partir de ambas, plantea soluciones desde la Gobernabilidad Democrática como forma de gobierno que tiene presentes las necesidades, prioridades y expectativas de los actores sociales, compagina las mismas con el mandato jurídico-político sobre el cual se estructura el Estado Social de Derecho y permite la participación de los estamentos públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil en la formulación, diseño e implementación de las políticas públicas relativas al respeto, protección y promoción del Derecho a la Vida. Posterior al análisis jurídico, práctico y político realizado, se documenta y argumenta extrayendo las conclusiones correspondientes- cómo la masiva violación del Derecho a la Vida en Colombia no se debe a un problema de falta de garantías normativas pues desde un enfoque jurídico-constitucional se demuestra que la vida en Colombia se halla plenamente protegida-, sino que la explicación fundamental se encuentra en una mala formulación de las políticas públicas y a un deficiente funcionamiento de las instituciones nacionales responsables de hacer valer el más importante de los derechos: el Derecho a la Vida como pilar y razón de ser del Estado de Derecho. Finalmente, se formula una conclusión general relativa a la utilidad y proyección práctica de la Tesis Doctoral -con el espíritu del trabajo de investigación por excelencia realizado desde la Universidad, y concebida ésta como motor de la sociedad-; es decir, la mejora de la protección del Derecho a la Vida a través de una correcta ponderación de los elementos que permiten la exigencia de responsabilidad constitucional e internacional al Estado colombiano y, paralelamente, facilitan una correcta cooperación constitucional e internacional por parte de la comunidad internacional y de otros Estados. __________________________________________________________________________________________________The objective of this Doctoral Thesis, submitted as a requirement to qualify for the title-holder of a Ph.D in Constitutional Law, is to analyze in detail and from both a political and constitutional perspective the 11th Article of the 1991 Colombian Constitution that states: The right to life is not subject to violation. The death penalty will not be ruled. This analysis aims to determine whether the massive violation of this right in the country is due to deficiencies in the current legal rulings, or being these sufficient, due to the incorrect governmental policies and the deficient operation of the political institutions created to protect this specific right. The latter argument will make it necessary to find solutions from a political scope as the Governance puts forth, instead of relying solely on the legal framework as the constitutional theory advocates. In order to present a coherent reasoning, the Doctoral Thesis is divided in three parts: The first part is an insight into the law that regulates the topic at hand, the protection and the promotion of the Right to Life, insisting that it is mandatory for Colombia on a national, international and universal basis. The concept of Right to Life in itself will be analyzed, as well as its protection in the Political Constitution and the various accords and agreements Colombia has signed and ratified. The second part examines the magnitude of the Right to Life violation figures in Colombia as a relation between the norm and reality-. In order to do so, it is essential to take into account the general context of the country at hand, as well as the traditional hypothesis that explain violence in Colombia, these being the poverty and the Internal Armed Conflict arguments. These two hypotheses are dismissed in this part of the study, introducing drug trafficking as a new and very present variable to explain the emergence of a death subculture. The last part combines the legal theory analysis and the reality of the homicide rates in Colombia, taking into consideration both analysis´s to raise different solutions from a Governance perspective. Deriving from the previous analysis, comes an argumentation, that the massive violation of the Right to Life in Colombia is not due to a lack of constitutional guarantees; since the legal and constitutional approach shows that life is wholly protected in Colombia. The leading explanation contends that the massive violation of this right is rooted in a deficient operation of national institutions that are theoretically supposed to guarantee the most important of all rights: the Right to Life, as the foundation and back bone of the Rule of Law

La minería antioqueña y su importancia en la acumulación primaria de capital

The present article pretend to exhibit how the activity of the minery of gold in the Antioquia Department (Colombia) in the centuries XVIII and XIX in its modes of beta and alluvion, permit to form the human resource needed and to generate the acumulation of capital and technic and economic factors. This situation influenced in the region for the industrial process sustained in the ends of the century XIX and the first half of the century XX.El presente artículo pretende mostrar cómo la actividad de la minería de oro llevada a cabo en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) durante los siglos XVIII y XIX en sus modalidades de veta y aluvión, permitió formar el recurso humano requerido y generar la acumulación de capital necesaria para que, conjugados los factores técnicos y económicos, se presentara en la Región un proceso sostenido de industrialización durante los años finales del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX

Transition to eBuses with minimal timetable disruptions

The implementation of a sustainable and efficient electric transportation network requires addressing multiple concerns such as: limited driving range, battery charging/discharging times and avoiding battery damages. Therefore, the transition to a fully electric bus transportation system involves multiple challenges including timetable design and the charging location problem. In this paper, we address these problems that arise by transitioning from regular diesel buses to electric buses (eBuses)

Continuous Search in Constraint Programming: An Initial Investigation

Constraint Programming - Doctoral ProgramIn this work, we present the concept of Continuous Search (CS), which objective is to allow any user to eventually get top performance from their constraint solver. Unlike previous approaches, Continuous Search does not require the disposal of a large set of representative instances to properly train and learn parameters. It only assumes that once the solver runs in a real situation (often called production mode), instances will come over time, and allow for proper offline continuous training. The objective is therefore not to instantly provide good parameters for top performance, but to take advantage of the real situation to train in the background and improve the performances of the system in an incremental manner

Smart and sustainable scheduling of charging events for electric buses

This paper presents a framework for the efficient management of renewable energies to charge a fleet of electric buses (eBuses). Our framework starts with the prediction of clean energy time windows, i.e., periods of time when the production of clean energy exceeds the demand of the country. Then, the optimization phase schedules charging events to reduce the use of non-clean energy to recharge eBuses while passengers are embarking or disembarking. The proposed framework is capable of overcoming the unstable and chaotic nature of wind power generation to operate the fleet without perturbing the quality of service. Our extensive empirical validation with real instances from Ireland suggests that our solutions can significantly reduce non-clean energy consumed on large data setsThis work received funding from the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) Research, Development and Demonstration (RDD) 2019 programme under the grant number 19/ RDD/51

Building Portfolios for the Protein Structure Prediction Problem

International audienceThis paper, concerned with the protein structure prediction problem, aims at automatically selecting the Constraint Satisfaction algorithm best suited to the problem instance at hand. The contribution is twofold. Firstly, the selection criterion is the quality (minimal cost) in expectation of the solution found after a fixed amount of time, as opposed to the expected runtime. Secondly, the presented approach, based on supervised Machine Learning algorithms, considers the original description of the protein structure problem, as opposed to the features related to the SAT or CSP encoding of the problem