CLIL clear, concise and practical, please

El presente trabajo de fin de grado tiene su origen en la necesidad de arrojar luz sobre un nuevo enfoque de enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. Los docentes han recibido poca o ninguna formación en el citado enfoque, con lo que la incertidumbre sobre la implementación en el aula del mismo es considerable. Las cuestiones básicas a las que se trata de dar respuesta son las siguientes: ¿cuáles son los orígenes del método? ¿cuáles son sus objetivos? ¿hemos de usar la lengua materna, o no? ¿qué orientaciones metodológicas han de tenerse en cuenta?This essay attempts to clarify some essential questions concerning the new foreign language teaching approach: content and language integrated learning. Primary Education teachers have not been trained to apply this method in classes, they seek for answers to questions like: should I use students' mother tongue? What methodological aspects have to be taken into account? What does law establish concerning this approach? The present essay is only the first step, a great quantity of research needs to be done

Affective relationship between women with an alcoholic husband: a learned social behavior that affects your health

Se realiza una revisión sobre el tema de la codependencia y su relación con comportamientos socialmente aprendidos sobre la base de una división de género. La codependencia en mujeres de adictos a alcohol y sus consecuencias individuales, familiares y comunitarias también se mencionan. En este contexto se realiza una breve síntesis de los patrones de comportamiento derivados del rol social asignado a la mujer en México en relación con esta temática. Finalmente se establecen algunas posturas teóricas para el análisis de la codependencia a partir del análisis socio-histórico de los significados que tiene para la población el consumo abusivo de alcohol y la relación patológica establecida que establece la mujer con el marido. En este sentido, diferentes autores mencionan la importancia de considerar a la familia y no sólo al individuo para la atención, ya que las consecuencias físicas y mentales están presentes tanto en hombres como mujeres.Trata-se de uma revisão sobre o tema codependência e sua relação com comportamentos socialmente aprendidos fundamentada na divisão de gênero. A codependência em mulheres com companheiros dependentes de álcool e suas conseqüências para o indivíduo, família e comunidade também são abordadas. Nesse contexto, realiza-se uma breve síntese dos padrões de comportamento derivados do papel social atribuído à mulher no México em relação ao tema. Por fim, são estabelecidos alguns posicionamentos teóricos na análise da codependência a partir da análise sócio-histórica dos significados que a população atribui ao consumo abusivo de álcool e da relação patológica que a mulher estabelece com seu marido. Diferentes autores referem a importância de considerar a família, e não somente o usuário, no seu cuidado, já que as conseqüências físicas e mentais estão presentes tanto no homem quanto na mulher.This is a review about codependence and its relation with socially learned behaviors based on a gender division. Codependence in women of alcohol addicts and its individual, family and Community consequences are also mentioned. In this context, a short synthesis is presented of the behavioral standards derived from the social role assigned to women in Mexico with respect to this theme. Finally, some theoretical positions are established to analyze codependence based on the socio-historical analysis of the meanings the population attributes to alcohol abuse and the pathological relation women establish with their husband. In this sense, different authors mention the importance of considering the family and not only the individual for care, as the physical and mental consequences are present in women as well as men

Viabilidad de los microorganismos probióticos mediante la elaboración de un producto cárnico fermentado tipo salami

La utilización de probióticos en la industria de cárnicos es un tema de relevancia alrededor del mundo con especial enfoque en Centroamérica. Actualmente es una técnica poco utilizada en la elaboración de embutidos; es por ello por lo que este proyecto se propuso el determinar la viabilidad del uso de lactobacilos para la fermentación de un embutido tipo salami, así como los beneficios que causan estos probióticos. El proyecto se basó en varios módulos como el desarrollo e investigación de producto, evaluación sensorial, rendimiento de producción, proceso de producción, análisis microbiológicos y fisicoquímicos y formulación de proyecto. La interacción e integración de cada módulo se verifico por medio del logro de siete resultados esperados. Los principales logros obtenidos en torno a los resultados fueron: (1) inocuidad y vida útil del salami mediante análisis microbiológico utilizando los medios de cultivo (Florocult, Agar Papa Dextrosa y Chromocult), la cual tiene aproximadamente 4 semanas. (2) viabilidad de los probióticos mediante el medio MRS el desarrollo del microorganismo probióticos en el salami. (3) las características fisicoquímicas de pH al tomarlas durante el desarrollo de fermento y secado del producto. (4) la aceptabilidad del salami elaborado con un salami comercial por medio de la realización de una evaluación sensorial. (5) el efecto en el sabor que provoca la adición de probióticos en la elaboración de salami mediante la comparación con uno comercial para garantizar la aceptabilidad del producto, la cual se tuvo una incidencia sobre el producto. (6) el rendimiento porcentual el cual fue de 76% y el porcentaje de error 24% de la elaboración de salami. (7) un costo de Q.753.82 para elaborar 2418 gramos de salami

Impact of cervical screening on cervical cancer mortality: estimation using stage-specific results from a nested case-control study

Cancer Research UK (A16892 to P.S.)

International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database - the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi

Human and animal fungal pathogens are a growing threat worldwide leading to emerging infections and creating new risks for established ones. There is a growing need for a rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to enable early diagnosis and targeted antifungal therapy. Morphological and biochemical identification methods are time-consuming and require trained experts. Alternatively, molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding, a powerful and easy tool for rapid monophasic identification, offer a practical approach for species identification and less demanding in terms of taxonomical expertise. However, its wide-spread use is still limited by a lack of quality-controlled reference databases and the evolving recognition and definition of new fungal species/complexes. An international consortium of medical mycology laboratories was formed aiming to establish a quality controlled ITS database under the umbrella of the ISHAM working group on "DNA barcoding of human and animal pathogenic fungi." A new database, containing 2800 ITS sequences representing 421 fungal species, providing the medical community with a freely accessible tool at http://www.isham.org and http://its.mycologylab.org/ to rapidly and reliably identify most agents of mycoses, was established. The generated sequences included in the new database were used to evaluate the variation and overall utility of the ITS region for the identification of pathogenic fungi at intra-and interspecies level. The average intraspecies variation ranged from 0 to 2.25%. This highlighted selected pathogenic fungal species, such as the dermatophytes and emerging yeast, for which additional molecular methods/genetic markers are required for their reliable identification from clinical and veterinary specimens.This study was supported by an National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NH&MRC) grant [#APP1031952] to W Meyer, S Chen, V Robert, and D Ellis; CNPq [350338/2000-0] and FAPERJ [E-26/103.157/2011] grants to RM Zancope-Oliveira; CNPq [308011/2010-4] and FAPESP [2007/08575-1] Fundacao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP) grants to AL Colombo; PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014 from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) to C Pais; the Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo) to BCCM/IHEM; the MEXBOL program of CONACyT-Mexico, [ref. number: 1228961 to ML Taylor and [122481] to C Toriello; the Institut Pasteur and Institut de Veil le Sanitaire to F Dromer and D Garcia-Hermoso; and the grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and the Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG) to CM de Almeida Soares and JA Parente Rocha. I Arthur would like to thank G Cherian, A Higgins and the staff of the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Path West, QEII Medial Centre. Dromer would like to thank for the technical help of the sequencing facility and specifically that of I, Diancourt, A-S Delannoy-Vieillard, J-M Thiberge (Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health, Institut Pasteur). RM Zancope-Oliveira would like to thank the Genomic/DNA Sequencing Platform at Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz-PDTIS/FIOCRUZ [RPT01A], Brazil for the sequencing. B Robbertse and CL Schoch acknowledge support from the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. T Sorrell's work is funded by the NH&MRC of Australia; she is a Sydney Medical School Foundation Fellow.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Anafilaxia en niños y adultos: prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento

La anafilaxia es una condición que requiere asistencia inmediata para su resolución, se puede presentar en diferentes entornos: consultorio, hospital, escuela, hogar o en algún otro espacio público. La información aquí contenida forma parte de lineamientos conocidos sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se abordan aspectos epidemiológicos, desencadenantes, factores de riesgo y cofactores; se explican de una manera didáctica los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que se traducen en fenotipos de presentación. Se enfatiza el diagnóstico clínico con base en criterios ya establecidos, se mencionan clasificaciones para evaluar la gravedad de la reacción, así como el rol de las pruebas clínicas o de laboratorio. Como aspectos de relevancia, se abordan el tratamiento de primera elección con adrenalina, instrucciones sobre autoinyectores y diferentes elementos para el tratamiento complementario y de segunda elección. También se refieren aspectos a considerar al dar de alta a un paciente y medidas de seguimiento, con un énfasis preventivo en la comunidad. Finalmente, se menciona el abordaje en el consultorio de alergia para decidir sobre opciones de inmunomodulación. ABSTRACT Anaphylaxis is a condition that requires immediate assistance for its resolution, it can occur in different settings: office, hospital, school, home or some other public space. The information contained herein forms part of known guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiological aspects, triggers, risk factors and co-factors are addressed; physiopathological mechanisms that are translated into presentation phenotypes are explained in a didactic way. Clinical diagnosis is emphasized based on established criteria, classifications are mentioned to evaluate the severity of the reaction, as well as the role of clinical or laboratory tests. As relevant aspects, the first choice treatment with adrenaline, instructions on auto-injectors and different elements for the complementary and second choice treatment are dealt with. They also refer to aspects to consider when discharging a patient and followup measures, with a preventive emphasis on the community. Finally, the allergy clinic approach to deciding on immunomodulation options is mentione

Communicative action with wives of alcoholics: an approach to their life world.

O uso e abuso de drogas constituem fenômeno complexo com conseqüências adversas na saúde individual, familiar e na comunidade. A literatura científica ressalta que, para cada alcoolista, existe uma família disfuncional e, pelos menos, uma mulher com problemas físicos e psicológicos relacionados com o adicto. O objetivo do estudo foi explorar o mundo da vida de mulheres, de uma comunidade suburbana no Estado de Querétaro, México, cujos companheiros são dependentes de álcool. Foi realizado estudo qualitativo à luz da Teoria da Ação Comunicativa de Habermas. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada temática e de observação participante e a análise dos dados seguiram os pressupostos do método da hermenêutica dialética. Foram entrevistadas 14 mulheres. Os resultados são apresentados considerando os três âmbitos do mundo da vida. Mundo social: o consumo de álcool é identificado como um comportamento não desejado, porém, esperado entre os homens e, atualmente, inclui jovens do sexo feminino, e é visto como um ato normal já que todo mundo faz. Mundo subjetivo: identificaram-se estados de ânimo negativos como depressão, baixa autoestima, culpa e medo, o que as leva a se sentirem como objetos. Mundo objetivo: identificou-se violência intrafamiliar, comportamentos de controle por parte dos companheiros, sintomas de doença física e mental, tanto no companheiro quanto nas participantes, e justificam a sua permanência com o companheiro porque devem ser um exemplo para os filhos apesar do dano físico e da dor. Na interação dos mundos ressaltam: a percepção da falta de redes de apoio institucionais para enfrentarem o alcoolismo do companheiro, criar os filhos visto como uma expectativa para o futuro e é sentido como um logro pessoal, jurar como uma ação do companheiro que lhes permita manter um controle relativo do consumo e, sob essa perspectiva, com melhor qualidade de vida, embora, também, seja utilizado como argumento para pedir perdão depois de uma ação violenta e, não se deixar, no momento que algumas delas conseguiram estabelecer limites ao marido. Considerações finais: a introjeção de padrões e normas sociais e culturais, em relação ao tema do álcool, não permite que as mulheres o visualizem como um problema, entretanto, essas normas atuam como mecanismos de proteção quando assumem o papel de mãe e esposa. É importante ressaltar a manifestação de ciúmes dos companheiros que, pelo consumo crônico de álcool, pode estar associada à paranóia alcoólica e, portanto, necessitam atenção. Finalmente, as mulheres transferem o tema de consumo de álcool do companheiro ao uso de álcool e drogas dos filhos. De acordo com Habermas, a situação torna-se relevante para elas e seria o momento de intervir para modificar padrões de comportamento a médio e longo prazo. Portanto, o reconhecimento dessa visão, sobre o tema do álcool e a compreensão dos sentidos que conferem ao seu mundo da vida, é ponto de partida básico para elaborar propostas de participação comunitária para o controle do alcoolismo.Drugs use and abuse constitutes a complex phenomenon with adverse consequences for individual, family and community health. Scientific literature highlights that, for every alcoholic, there is a dysfunctional family or at least a wife with physical or psychological problems related to her life with the addict. This research aimed to explore the life world of women living with an alcoholic partner in a suburban community located in the State of Querétaro, Mexico. A qualitative study was carried out in the light of J. Habermas\' Theory of Communicative Action. Thematic semistructured interview and participant observation were used for data collection. Data analysis was based on the premises of the dialectical hermeneutical method. Fourteen women were interviewed and the results are presented for each of the three spheres in the life world. Social world: alcohol consumption is an unwanted but expected behavior among men and has no been integrated among young women. It is seen as normal because everybody does it. Subjective world: negative mood states were identified, such as depression, low self-esteem, guilt and fear, which makes them feel like objects. Objective world: intra-family violence was identified, as well as control behaviors by the husband and symptoms of physical and mental disease in both partners. They justify that they maintain the relationship because they need to be an example for their children despite the physical harm and pain. The following stands out in the interaction among the worlds: the perception of a lack of institutional support networks to face their partner\'s alcoholism; keep their children going as an expectation for the future and with a sense of personal success; swearing as an action by their husband that keeps his consumption under relative control and, from the women\'s perspective, maintains a better quality of life, although it is also used as an argument to apologize after a violent action: and not let themselves go, when some of them managed to set limits on their husband. Final considerations: The introjection of social and cultural patterns and standards with respect to alcohol does not allow them to consider it as a problem. However, these same standards have served as protection mechanisms in women, when they assume the roles of mother and wife. It should be mentioned that, due to the chronic alcohol consumption conditions, their husband\'s jealousy can be associated with alcohol paranoia and, therefore, demand care. On the other hand, the women transfer the theme of their husband\'s alcohol use to alcohol and drugs use in their children, which is why, according to Habermas, at this moment, the situation becomes relevant to them and this would be the right time for interventions, in the attempt to modify some behavioral patterns in the medium and long term. Finally, the acknowledgement of this other view on the theme of alcohol and the understanding of the meanings they attribute to their life world is a basic starting point to elaborate Community participation proposals with a view to controlling alcoholism