Las publicaciones de Ramón Margalef en Investigación Pesquera y Scientia Marina: Los comienzos de la ecología marina en el CSIC

Ramon Margalef López (1919-2004) was one of the most prominent scientists of the 20th century in the fields of limnology, oceanography and ecology. His contributions to theoretical ecology, which won him international recognition, were based on a great deal of laboratory and field work and on extensive observations of the natural world, a passion that he acquired at a young age. Some of the early papers of Ramon Margalef appeared in the Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología Aplicada, but as of 1955 many of his marine studies were published in Investigación Pesquera, the journal of the Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras of the CSIC in Barcelona. He also wrote several articles for Scientia Marina, the journal that replaced Investigación Pesquera in 1989 after the Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras became the Institut de Ciències del Mar. The present article aims to give an overview of Margalef’s contributions to these journals to mark the celebration in 2019 of the 100th anniversary of his birth.Ramon Margalef López (1919-2004) fue uno de los científicos más destacados del siglo XX en los campos de la limnología, la oceanografía y la ecología. Sus contribuciones a la ecología teórica, que le valieron el reconocimiento internacional, se basaron en una gran cantidad de trabajo en el campo y en el laboratorio, y en extensivas observaciones del mundo natural, una pasión que adquirió a una edad temprana. Algunos de los primeros artículos de Ramon Margalef aparecieron en las Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología Aplicada pero, después de 1955, muchos de sus trabajos marinos se publicaron en Investigación Pesquera, la revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras del CSIC en Barcelona. También escribió varios artículos para Scientia Marina, la revista que sucedió a Investigación Pesquera en 1989, después de que el Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras se convirtiera en el Institut de Ciències del Mar. El presente escrito tiene como objetivo dar una visión general de las contribuciones de Margalef a estas revistas, en el contexto de la reciente celebración (2019) del centenario de su nacimiento

Esquizofrenia, enfermedad mental y estigma social

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Esquizofrenia, enfermedad mental y estigma social

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Competencias emocionales de futuros docentes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria

Objetivos. El presente trabajo está compuesto por dos objetivos generales directamente relacionados. Por una parte, identificar el nivel de inteligencia emocional (IE) rasgo y empatía que manifiestan los estudiantes del Master de formación del profesorado de la Universidad de Murcia, que se encuentran agrupados en cuatro ramas de conocimiento (artes y humanidades, ciencias, ciencias de la salud, y ciencias sociales y jurídicas). Y por otra, investigar sobre el perfil de IE rasgo y la experiencia en emociones de logro de estos mismos estudiantes universitarios de Máster de Formación del Profesorado de la Universidad de Murcia. Metodología. El trabajo está estructurado en dos partes diferenciadas, una teórica y otra empírica. En la primera de ellas, se realiza una revisión de la literatura científica relacionada con las variables que son objeto de estudio de esta investigación: IE rasgo, Empatía y Emociones de Logro. En la segunda parte, encontramos la parte empírica del trabajo, compuesta por dos estudios. La parte empírica consistió en una recogida de datos basados en cuestionarios de autoinforme de las muestras participantes, en este caso futuros docentes de Educación Secundaria (Estudio 1, n=329; Estudio 2, n=266) y un posterior análisis de los datos obtenidos en función de los objetivos marcados. Para finalizar, se plantean unas conclusiones acompañadas de las limitaciones del trabajo y de posibles líneas futuras de investigación. Resultados. Los resultados reflejan que existen diferencias en los perfiles emocionales y empáticos de los futuros docentes, así como en las emociones de logro que presentan, en función del sexo, la edad o la rama de especialidad profesional a la que pertenecen. Asimismo, se observó que la importancia otorgada a la formación emocional varía según se trate de una muestra que presente alta o baja IE rasgo. Son las mujeres las que presentan perfiles más emocionalmente competentes en cuanto a la empatía afectiva, y los hombres los que parecen sobresalir en la percepción de autorregular y autocontrolar mejor sus emociones. También fueron las mujeres las que obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas en la mayoría de emociones de logro, tanto de tono hedónico positivo (agradables o positivas) como de tono hedónico negativo (desagradables o negativas). Se observó que, en Emociones como Enfado o Desesperanza frente a las clases, los resultados fueron similares. Si hacemos referencia a la rama de conocimiento, son los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud los que muestran mayores puntuaciones en facetas empáticas, esencialmente afectivas. Y los de ciencias sociales y jurídicas los más preparados para enfrentarse a situaciones de estrés y gestionar sus emociones. Los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud obtuvieron puntuaciones elevadas en emociones de logro agradables (Disfrute y Orgullo) pero también en otras emociones negativas, tales como Vergüenza y Aburrimiento. Estos mismos son quienes presentan niveles de IE rasgo más elevados, presentando mayores competencias emocionales que el resto. Así mismo, los estudiantes que no habían recibido formación emocional presentaban puntuaciones más elevadas en emociones de logro agradables (Esperanza, Disfrute y Orgullo) y en IE rasgo global, así como Emocionalidad, Sociabilidad y Automotivación . Datos que resultan imprevistos y que podrían indicar que, a pesar de la falta de información en inteligencia emocional, presentan una tendencia a experimentar emociones positivas cuando se trata de situaciones académicas, así como que muestran alto nivel de sensibilidad emocional, facilidad para las relaciones con otros y capacidad de motivación intrínseca. Y los estudiantes que poseían alta IE rasgo puntuaban más alto en emociones de logro agradables y en IE rasgo global, y resto de factores de IE rasgo. Conclusiones. Las conclusiones ponen el foco en la necesidad de trabajar la educación y formación emocional en los contextos académicos superiores, como son los estudios universitarios. También cabe destacar las carencias existentes en este ámbito, dado que los docentes se enfrentan a los procesos educativos, con escasa o nula formación emocional. Nuestros resultados evidencian que los futuros docentes con perfiles emocionales más competentes gestionan mejor las emociones, son más empáticos y presentan un mayor estado de bienestar.Objectives. The present work is composed of two directly related general objectives. On the one hand, to identify the level of trait emotional intelligence (EI) and empathy manifested by the students of the Master of teacher training at the University of Murcia, which are grouped into four branches of knowledge (arts and humanities, sciences, health sciences, and social and legal sciences). And on the other, to investigate the trait EI profile and the experience in achievement emotions of these same university students of the Master's Degree in Teacher Training at the University of Murcia. Methodology. The paper is structured in two distinct parts, one theoretical and the other empirical. In the first part, a review of the scientific literature related to the variables that are the object of study of this research: trait EI, Empathy and Achievement Emotions. In the second part, we found the empirical part of the work, composed of two studies. The empirical part consisted of data collection based on self-report questionnaires of the participating samples, in this case future teachers of Secondary Education (Study 1, n=329; Study 2, n=266) and a subsequent analysis of the data obtained according to the objectives set. Finally, some conclusions are presented together with the limitations of the work and possible future lines of research. Results. The results show that there are differences in the emotional and empathic profiles of future teachers, as well as in the achievement emotions they present, depending on their sex, age or the branch of professional specialty to which they belong. Likewise, it was observed that the importance given to emotional formation varies according to whether the sample presents high or low trait EI. It is women who present more emotionally competent profiles in terms of affective empathy, and men who seem to excel in the perception of Self-regulating and Self-controlling their emotions better. It was also women who obtained higher scores in most achievement emotions, both of positive hedonic tone (pleasant or positive) and of negative hedonic tone (unpleasant or negative). It was observed that, in Emotions such as Anger or Hopelessness in front of classes, the results were similar. If we refer to the branch of knowledge, it is the students of health sciences who show higher scores in empathic facets, essentially affective. And those in the social and legal sciences were the most prepared to face stressful situations and manage their emotions. Health sciences students scored high in pleasant achievement emotions (Enjoyment and Pride) but also in other negative emotions, such as Shame and Boredom. These same students are those who present higher levels of trait EI, presenting higher emotional competencies than the rest. Likewise, students who had not received emotional training had higher scores in pleasant achievement emotions (Hope, Enjoyment and Pride) and in global trait EI, as well as in Emotionality, Sociability and Self-motivation. Unexpected data could indicate that, despite the lack of information on emotional intelligence, they have a tendency to experience positive emotions when it comes to academic situations, as well as showing a high level of emotional sensitivity, ease in relationships with others and intrinsic motivation capacity. And students who had high trait EI scored higher on pleasant achievement emotions and on global trait EI, and all other trait EI factors. Conclusions. The conclusions focus on the need to work on emotional education and training in higher academic contexts, such as university studies. It is also worth highlighting the existing deficiencies in this area, given that teachers face educational processes with little or no emotional training. Our results show that future teachers with more competent emotional profiles manage emotions better, are more empathetic and have a greater state of well-being

Matrix stiffening and β1 integrin drive subtype-specific fibroblast accumulation in lung cancer

©2014 AACR. The crucial role of tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF) in cancer progression is now clear in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, therapies against TAFs are limited due to a lack of understanding in the subtype-specific mechanisms underlying their accumulation. Here, the mechanical (i.e., matrix rigidity) and soluble mitogenic cues that drive the accumulation of TAFs from major NSCLC subtypes: adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were dissected. Fibroblasts were cultured on substrata engineered to exhibit normal- or tumor-like stiffnesses at different serumconcentrations, and critical regulatory processes were elucidated. In control fibroblasts from nonmalignant tissue, matrix stiffening alone increased fibroblast accumulation, and this mechanical effect was dominant or comparable with that of soluble growth factors up to 0.5% serum. The stimulatory cues ofmatrix rigidity were driven by β1 integrin mechanosensing through FAK (pY397), and were associated with a posttranscriptionally driven rise in β1 integrin expression. The latter mechano-regulatory circuit was also observed in TAFs but in a subtype-specific fashion, because SCC-TAFs exhibited higher FAK (pY397), β1 expression, and ERK1/2 (pT202/Y204) than ADC-TAFs. Moreover, matrix stiffening induced a larger TAF accumulation in SCC-TAFs (>50%) compared with ADC-TAFs (10%-20%). In contrast, SCC-TAFs were largely serum desensitized, whereas ADC-TAFs responded to high serum concentration only. These findings provide the first evidence of subtype-specific regulation of NSCLC-TAF accumulation. Furthermore, these data support that therapies aiming to restore normal lung elasticity and/or β1 integrin-dependent mechano regulation may be effective against SCC-TAFs, whereas inhibiting stromal growth factor signaling may be effective against ADC-TAFs. Implications: This study reveals distinct mechanisms underlying the abnormal accumulation of tumor-supporting fibroblasts in two major subtypes of lung cancer, which will assist the development of personalized therapies against these cells.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2009-13243 and PI13/02368, to J. Alcaraz; PS09/01377, to N. Reguart; SAF2012-34916, to F. Rodríguez-Pascual), AECC (10/103; to N. Reguart and J. Alcaraz), SEPAR (2009-853; to N. Reguart), and predoctoral fellowships from the Fundacio Cellex (to M. Puig),Ministerio de Educación (to A. Giménez), CONACYT (to R. Lugo), and COLCIENCIAS (to A. Velasquez).Peer Reviewe

Chemistry of two-dimensional pnictogens: emerging post-graphene materials for advanced applications.

The layered allotropes of group 15 (P, As, Sb and Bi), also called two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens, have emerged as one of the most promising families of post-graphene 2D-materials. This is mainly due to the great variety of properties they exhibit, including layer-dependent bandgap, high charge-carrier mobility and current on/off ratios, strong spin-orbit coupling, wide allotropic diversity and pronounced chemical reactivity. These are key ingredients for exciting applications in (opto)electronics, heterogeneous catalysis, nanomedicine or energy storage and conversion, to name a few. However, there are still many challenges to overcome in order to fully understand their properties and bring them to real applications. As a matter of fact, due to their strong interlayer interactions, the mechanical exfoliation (top-down) of heavy pnictogens (Sb & Bi) is unsatisfactory, requiring the development of new methodologies for the isolation of single layers and the scalable production of high-quality flakes. Moreover, due to their pronounced chemical reactivity, it is necessary to develop passivation strategies, thus preventing environmental degradation, as in the case of bP, or controlling surface oxidation, with the corresponding modification of the interfacial and electronic properties. In this Feature Article we will discuss, among others, the most important contributions carried out in our group, including new liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) processes, bottom-up colloidal approaches, the preparation of intercalation compounds, innovative non-covalent and covalent functionalization protocols or novel concepts for potential applications in catalysis, electronics, photonics, biomedicine or energy storage and conversion. The past years have seen the birth of the chemistry of pnictogens at the nanoscale, and this review intends to highlight the importance of the chemical approach in the successful development of routes to synthesise, passivate, modify, or process these materials, paving the way for their use in applications of great societal impact

Dysregulated collagen homeostasis by matrix stiffening and TGF-β1 in fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: role of FAK/Akt

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aggressive disease in which normal lung parenchyma is replaced by a stiff dysfunctional scar rich in activated fibroblasts and collagen-I. We examined how the mechanochemical pro-fibrotic microenvironment provided by matrix stiffening and TGF-β1 cooperates in the transcriptional control of collagen homeostasis in normal and fibrotic conditions. For this purpose we cultured fibroblasts from IPF patients or control donors on hydrogels with tunable elasticity, including 3D collagen-I gels and 2D polyacrylamide (PAA) gels. We found that TGF-β1 consistently increased COL1A1 while decreasing MMP1 mRNA levels in hydrogels exhibiting pre-fibrotic or fibrotic-like rigidities concomitantly with an enhanced activation of the FAK/Akt pathway, whereas FAK depletion was sufficient to abrogate these effects. We also demonstrate a synergy between matrix stiffening and TGF-β1 that was positive for COL1A1 and negative for MMP1. Remarkably, the COL1A1 expression upregulation elicited by TGF-β1 alone or synergistically with matrix stiffening were higher in IPF-fibroblasts compared to control fibroblasts in association with larger FAK and Akt activities in the former cells. These findings provide new insights on how matrix stiffening and TGF-β1 cooperate to elicit excessive collagen-I deposition in IPF, and support a major role of the FAK/Akt pathway in this cooperation

Nintedanib selectively inhibits the activation and tumour-promoting effects of fibroblasts from lung adenocarcinoma patients

Background: Nintedanib is a clinically approved multikinase receptor inhibitor to treat non-small cell lung cancer with adenocarcinoma (ADC) histology in combination with docetaxel, based on the clinical benefits reported on ADC but not on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which are the two most common histologic lung cancer subtypes.Methods: We examined the potential role of tumour-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) in the differential effects of nintedanib in ADC and SCC. Because TAFs are largely quiescent and activated in histologic sections, we focused on the antifibrotic effects of nintedanib on TAFs stimulated with the potent fibroblast activator TGF-beta 1, which is upregulated in lung cancer.Results: Nintedanib dose-dependently inhibited the TGF-beta 1-induced expression of a panel of pro-fibrotic activation markers in both ADC-TAFs and control fibroblasts derived from uninvolved lung parenchyma, whereas such inhibition was very modest in SCC-TAFs. Remarkably, nintedanib abrogated the stimulation of growth and invasion in a panel of carcinoma cell lines induced by secreted factors from activated TAFs in ADC but not SCC, thereby supporting that TGF-beta signalling and aberrant TAF-carcinoma cross-talk is regulated by different mechanisms in ADC and SCC.Conclusions: These results reveal that nintedanib is an effective inhibitor of fibrosis and its associated tumour-promoting effects in ADC, and that the poor antifibrotic response of SCC-TAFs to nintedanib may contribute to the differential clinical benefit observed in both subtypes. Our findings also support that preclinical models based on carcinoma-TAF interactions may help defining the mechanisms of the poor antifibrotic response of SCC-TAFs to nintedanib and testing new combined therapies to further expand the therapeutic effects of this drug in solid tumours

Job satisfaction of workers of sports and recreational activities in active tourism

La satisfacción laboral es un estado emocional sobre la percepción subjetiva de las experiencias laborales de los trabajadores, que afecta directamente en la calidad del servicio prestado. Por ello, El objetivo del estudio analizar la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores de turismo activo y sus condiciones de trabajo, y el efecto de estas en su satisfacción laboral en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía. Para determinar los niveles de satisfacción laboral, se utilizó la herramienta de “Overall Job Satisfaction”, de fácil uso y recomendada por el Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales del Estado español. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 218 profesionales del sector del turismo activo andaluz, con una media de edad de 34 años, (73,8% hombres y 26,2% mujeres). De los resultados del presente estudio, podemos concluir que los trabajadores de turismo activo en Andalucía, a modo general, están satisfechos, ejercen su profesión por cuenta propia y son mayoritariamente hombres. Del mismo modo, también podemos decir que la satisfacción de estos trabajadores no guarda relación con las siguientes condiciones laborales: actividad desempeñada en la organización, tipo de contrato, realización de otras funciones propias de la actividad, horas de dedicación semanal o el sueldo percibido.Job satisfaction is an emotional state on the subjective perception of workers' work experiences, which directly affects the quality of the service provided. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the labor satisfaction of active tourism workers and their working conditions, and the effect of these on their job satisfaction in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. To determine the levels of job satisfaction, the "Overall Job Satisfaction" tool, which was easy to use and recommended by the Spanish Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, was used. The sample consisted of 218 professionals from the Andalusian active tourism sector, with a mean age of 34 years (73.8% men and 26.2% women). From the results of the present study, we can conclude that the active tourism workers in Andalusia, in general, are satisfied, practice their profession on their own and are mostly men. In the same way, we can also say that the satisfaction of these workers is not related to the following working conditions: activity performed in the organization, type of contract, performance of other functions of the activity, hours of weekly dedication or the salary received