Istituzioni e regole dell'agricoltura dopo il Trattato di Lisbona

The article describes the consequences of the approval of the Lisbon Treaty with reference to the Common Agriculturale Polic

MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery in musculoskeletal diseases: the hot topics

MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) is a minimally invasive treatment guided by the most sophisticated imaging tool available in today's clinical practice. Both the imaging and therapeutic sides of the equipment are based on non-ionizing energy. This technique is a very promising option as potential treatment for several pathologies, including musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Apart from clinical applications, MRgFUS technology is the result of long, heavy and cumulative efforts exploring the effects of ultrasound on biological tissues and function, the generation of focused ultrasound and treatment monitoring by MRI. The aim of this article is to give an updated overview on a "new" interventional technique and on its applications for MSK and allied sciences

Europejskie prawo rolne po Traktacie z Lizbony pomiędzy interwencją a regulacją. Europejskie kodeksy rolnictwa

The implementation of the Lisbon Treaty has brought about a profound institutional reform, with significant consequences both in terms of the contents and structure of the European agricultural law. This treaty introduced very important changes in the regulation of the Common Agricultural Policy concerning first of all the institutional and competence aspects and to a lesser degree – also the material aspect. At the same time, with changes at the institutional and competence levels introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and being a con-sequence of the legal regulation of agriculture subjected to a regular legislative procedure, a novel aspect has appeared in the relation between economy and law within the Common Agricultural Policy. In view of the latest European reforms, which took place before and after the Lisbon Treaty, we may observe a trend towards the creation of a European code of agricultural law. However, this code is not only a uniform code for the twenty seven countries presently comprising the European Union, but rather a common code, in which the needs and subjects at the national, regional and local levels occupy an important position next to those competent for the undertaking of central normative decisions. It is a model for the codification and a code differing from the national codes originating from the 18th century.L’entrata in vigore del Trattato di Lisbona ha portato ad una profonda riforma istitu-zionale, con conseguenze importanti sia in termini di contenuti sia in quelli di struttura del diritto agrario europeo. Questo trattato ha introdotto delle modifiche molto importanti nella regolazione della Politica Agricola Comune riguardanti soprattutto la dimensione del quadro istituzionale e competenziale, ed anche – in misura minore – materiale. In contemporanea con le variazioni a livello istituzionale e competenziale introdotte dal Trattato di Lisbona, conseguenza della subordinazione della regolazione dell’agricoltura alla procedura normativa ordinaria, è comparsa anche una nuova dimensione del rapporto tra economia e diritto nell’ambito della Politica Agricola Comune. Alla luce delle recenti riforme europee che hanno avuto luogo prima e dopo il Trattato di Lisbona, si nota una tendenza verso la creazione del codice europeo dell’agricoltura. Il codice in questione non deve, tuttavia, essere un codice uniforme per i 27 paesi che formano l’Unione Europea di oggi, ma piuttosto un codice comune, in cui le esigenze e gli enti nazionali, regionali e locali occupano un ruolo importante accanto agli enti competenti per prendere decisioni normative di tipo centrale. Si tratta del modello di codificazione e di codice differente dai codici nazionali del XVIII secolo

Agri-Food Law and Comparative Tools in Global Market

Agri-Food Law is increasingly characterised by a peculiar way of rule-making, where multilevel sources of law overlap and interact, and where private and public responsibilities are brought to unity through vertical and horizontal cooperation. Globalisation of production and trade of agriculture and food products opened the way to Globalisation of rules, where European, International, National and Regional level play roles which cannot be reduced into the traditional hierarchical framework. In this perspective European Agri-Food Law, by its nature, must now be appreciated as European and Global Law, in the true comparative sense of communication and contamination among legal systems, leading to the conclusion that within the present dimension many global sources of law concur to build new models of European Governance in this sensitive area of experience.Agri-Food Law is increasingly characterised by a peculiar way of rule-making, where multilevel sources of law overlap and interact, and where private and public responsibilities are brought to unity through vertical and horizontal cooperation. Globalisation of production and trade of agriculture and food products opened the way to Globalisation of rules, where European, International, National and Regional level play roles which cannot be reduced into the traditional hierarchical framework. In this perspective European Agri-Food Law, by its nature, must now be appreciated as European and Global Law, in the true comparative sense of communication and contamination among legal systems, leading to the conclusion that within the present dimension many global sources of law concur to build new models of European Governance in this sensitive area of experience

Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome: \u201cBat wings\u201d spinal fusions and \u201cladybug\u201d carpal coalitions

No abstract availabl

Serum levels of Sex hormone Binding globulin (ShBg) are not predictive of prostate cancer diagnosis and aggressiveness: results from an italian biopsy cohort

Purpose To explore the association between serum levels of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) as well as high grade disease in men undergoing prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods Between 2006 and 2012, we prospectively enrolled 740 patients with no history of PCa undergoing prostate biopsy. Before biopsy general data of the patient DRE, PSA and BMI were recorded. The risk of detecting cancer and high grade cancer was assessed as a function of SHBG using crude and adjusted logistic regressions. Results Serum levels of SHBG were not associated with an increased risk of PCa or high grade disease. Age (OR 1.027 95% CI 1.003-1.052 p = 0.027), DRE (OR 3.391 95% CI 2.258-5.092 p = 0.000) and PSA (OR 1.078 95% CI 1.037-1.120 p = 0.000) were found to be independent predictors of prostate cancer risk. Age (OR 1.051 95% CI 1.009-1.095 p = 0.016), DRE (OR 2.519 95% CI 1.384-4.584 p = 0.000), BMI (OR 1.098 95% CI 1.011-1.193 p = 0.027) and PSA (OR 1.074 95% CI 1.014-1.137 p = 0.015) were found to be independent predictors of high grade disease. Conclusions In our cohort of patients, serum levels of SHBG are not predictive of PCa or high grade disease. According to our experience SHBG should not be considered a biomarker in PCa diagnosis neither a marker for high grade disease

New medical treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia and future perspectives

Background: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) in men are a common clinical problem in urology and have been historically strictly linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which may lead to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). New molecules have been approved and have entered the urologists' armamentarium, targeting new signaling pathways and tackling specific aspects of LUTS. Objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the new medical therapies currently available for male non-neurogenic LUTS, including superselective α1-antagonists, PDE-5 inhibitors, anticholinergic drugs and intraprostatic onabotulinum toxin injections. Methods: The National Library of Medicine Database was searched for relevant articles published between January 2006 and December 2015, including the combination of "BPH", "LUTS", "medical" and "new". Each article's title, abstract and text were reviewed for their appropriateness and their relevance. One hundred forty eight articles were reviewed. Results: Of the 148 articles reviewed, 92 were excluded. Silodosin may be considered a valid alternative to non-selective α1-antagonists, especially in the older patients where blood pressure alterations may determine major clinical problems and ejaculatory alterations may be not truly bothersome. Tadalafil 5 mg causes a significant decrease of IPSS score with an amelioration of patients' QoL, although with no significant increase in Qmax. Antimuscarinic drugs are effective on storage symptoms but should be used with caution in patients with elevated post-void residual. Intraprostatic injections of botulinum toxin are well-tolerated and effective, with a low rate of adverse events; however profound ameliorations were seen also in the sham arms of RCTs evaluating intraprostatic injections. Conclusion: New drugs have been approved in the last years in the medical treatment of BPH-related LUTS. Practicing urologists should be familair with their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics