Patterns of Routes of Administration and Drug Tampering for Nonmedical Opioid Consumption: Data Mining and Content Analysis of Reddit Discussions

The complex unfolding of the US opioid epidemic in the last 20 years has been the subject of a large body of medical and pharmacological research, and it has sparked a multidisciplinary discussion on how to implement interventions and policies to effectively control its impact on public health. This study leverages Reddit as the primary data source to investigate the opioid crisis. We aimed to find a large cohort of Reddit users interested in discussing the use of opioids, trace the temporal evolution of their interest, and extensively characterize patterns of the nonmedical consumption of opioids, with a focus on routes of administration and drug tampering. We used a semiautomatic information retrieval algorithm to identify subreddits discussing nonmedical opioid consumption, finding over 86,000 Reddit users potentially involved in firsthand opioid usage. We developed a methodology based on word embedding to select alternative colloquial and nonmedical terms referring to opioid substances, routes of administration, and drug-tampering methods. We modeled the preferences of adoption of substances and routes of administration, estimating their prevalence and temporal unfolding, observing relevant trends such as the surge in synthetic opioids like fentanyl and an increasing interest in rectal administration. Ultimately, through the evaluation of odds ratios based on co-mentions, we measured the strength of association between opioid substances, routes of administration, and drug tampering, finding evidence of understudied abusive behaviors like chewing fentanyl patches and dissolving buprenorphine sublingually. We believe that our approach may provide a novel perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of nonmedical abuse of opioids substances and inform the prevention, treatment, and control of the public health effects

Effetti termici nella metrologia a coordinate

La norma UNI EN ISO 10360-2:2010 prescrive: “I limiti per le condizioni ambientali ammesse che possono avere influenza sulle misurazioni, quali condizioni di temperatura, umidità dell’aria e vibrazione nel luogo di installazione, devono essere specificati: - dal fabbricante, nel caso di prove di accettazione; - dall’utilizzatore, nel caso di prove di riverifica periodica. In entrambi i casi, l'utilizzatore è libero di scegliere le condizioni ambientali nelle quali saranno eseguite le prove secondo la ISO 10360-2, all'interno dei limiti specificati.” La presente Guida si prefigge l’obiettivo di rendere disponibile all’utilizzatore di Macchine di Misura a Coordinate (di seguito CMM) una serie di indicazioni e informazioni relative principalmente alla grandezza di influenza temperatura ed ai suoi effetti nelle misurazioni dimensionali. Affinché si possano ottenere le prestazioni dichiarate sui cataloghi, il costruttore di CMM dichiara, insieme alle specifiche tecniche della macchina, anche alcuni parametri ambientali che ritiene debbano essere mantenuti entro i limiti specificati.Ci si trova quindi subito di fronte al dilemma: • Si è in grado di rispettare le condizioni ambientali prescritte? • oppure si può soprassedere ed accontentarsi di prestazioni finali diverse? E quali saranno queste nuove prestazioni? Alle prime domande ne seguono altre: • serve ottenere dalla macchina il massimo delle prestazioni dichiarate dal Costruttore oppure ci si può accontentare di qualcosa in meno? • Tutte le volte che si effettuano misurazioni si è in grado di ricondurre i risultati delle misurazioni alla temperatura di riferimento? Nel prossimo paragrafo vengono proposte alcune problematiche che sono frequentemente oggetto di domande da parte degli utilizzatori di CMM e alle quali la presente guida propone delle risposte, frutto di analisi ed esperienze maturate da coloro che hanno redatto articoli nelle riviste di settore. Il capitolo 2 indica quali sono i riferimenti per terminologia e definizioni. I capitoli 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 sono il corpo centrale della guida e descrivono il fenomeno temperatura da un punto di vista fisico. Il capitolo 9 presenta invece un'ampia bibliografia comprendendo nel contempo termini di riferimenti normativi, nonché articoli scritti da esperti del settore in vari ambiti: tutto ciò allo scopo di fornire materiale utile sia per un approfondimento dei temi trattati nella stessa guida, sia per supportare (grazie soprattutto alle esperienze già maturate e descritte nei vari articoli) coloro i quali si trovassero ad affrontare per la prima volta simili tematiche

Cecropia pachystachya (Urticacea), conservación ex situ y revalorización de la agrobiodiversidad

PosterEl Ambay, especie nativa de Sudamérica. Ocurre en claros y bordes de sucesiones secundarias. Las hormigas del género azteca, habitan su tronco hueco, utilizando lípidos y glucógeno producidos en la base del pecíolo, en una relación de mutualismo contra herbívoros. Usada en la medicina popular en el tratamiento de afecciones de las vías respiratorias. Es oficial en la farmacopea argentina. El Ministerio de Salud de Misiones elabora un jarabe que se distribuye en forma gratuita. Debido a su importancia en la región, se realizaron estudios para la conservación ex situ y el comportamiento agronómico de la especie. Las semillas se cosecharon en otoño, en diferentes localidades de la provincia. En septiembre, los amentos fueron inmersos en agua para remoción del mucilago que recubre la semilla, para posterior siembra. Se utilizó tierra y arena (5%) en bandejas de germinación, en invernáculo con riego manual. Fueron cubiertas con una capa muy delgada de arena para permitir el paso de la luz (semillas fotoblásticas). La germinación ocurrió a los 30 días. Se llevó a campo, con una densidad de 6700 pl.ha-1. El rendimiento al primer año fue 1 Tn MS/ha, mientras que en el segundo y posteriores se lograron valores de producción de 2,5 Tn MS/ha.EEA Cerro AzulFil: Balsamo, Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul; ArgentinaFil: Toro, Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul; Argentina

Hibernus++: a self-calibrating and adaptive system for transiently-powered embedded devices

Energy harvesters are being used to power autonomous systems, but their output power is variable and intermittent. To sustain computation, these systems integrate batteries or supercapacitors to smooth out rapid changes in harvester output. Energy storage devices require time for charging and increase the size, mass and cost of systems. The field of transient computing moves away from this approach, by powering the system directly from the harvester output. To prevent an application from having to restart computation after a power outage, approaches such as Hibernus allow these systems to hibernate when supply failure is imminent. When the supply reaches the operating threshold, the last saved state is restored and the operation is continued from the point it was interrupted. This work proposes Hibernus++ to intelligently adapt the hibernate and restore thresholds in response to source dynamics and system load properties. Specifically, capabilities are built into the system to autonomously characterize the hardware platform and its performance during hibernation in order to set the hibernation threshold at a point which minimizes wasted energy and maximizes computation time. Similarly, the system auto-calibrates the restore threshold depending on the balance of energy supply and consumption in order to maximize computation time. Hibernus++ is validated both theoretically and experimentally on microcontroller hardware using both synthesized and real energy harvesters. Results show that Hibernus++ provides an average 16% reduction in energy consumption and an improvement of 17% in application execution time over stateof- the-art approaches

A global water resources ensemble of hydrological models: The eartH2Observe Tier-1 dataset

The dataset presented here consists of an ensemble of 10 global hydrological and land surface models for the period 1979–2012 using a reanalysis-based meteorological forcing dataset (0.5° resolution). The current dataset serves as a state of the art in current global hydrological modelling and as a benchmark for further improvements in the coming years. A signal-to-noise ratio analysis revealed low inter-model agreement over (i) snow-dominated regions and (ii) tropical rainforest and monsoon areas. The large uncertainty of precipitation in the tropics is not reflected in the ensemble runoff. Verification of the results against benchmark datasets for evapotranspiration, snow cover, snow water equivalent, soil moisture anomaly and total water storage anomaly using the tools from The International Land Model Benchmarking Project (ILAMB) showed overall useful model performance, while the ensemble mean generally outperformed the single model estimates. The results also show that there is currently no single best model for all variables and that model performance is spatially variable. In our unconstrained model runs the ensemble mean of total runoff into the ocean was 46 268 km3 yr−1 (334 kg m−2 yr−1), while the ensemble mean of total evaporation was 537 kg m−2 yr−1.This research received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 603608, “Global Earth Observation for integrated water resource assessment”: eartH2Observ

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pediatric obesity: consensus position statement of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Italian Society of Pediatrics

The Italian Consensus Position Statement on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents integrates and updates the previous guidelines to deliver an evidence based approach to the disease. The following areas were reviewed: (1) obesity definition and causes of secondary obesity; (2) physical and psychosocial comorbidities; (3) treatment and care settings; (4) prevention.The main novelties deriving from the Italian experience lie in the definition, screening of the cardiometabolic and hepatic risk factors and the endorsement of a staged approach to treatment. The evidence based efficacy of behavioral intervention versus pharmacological or surgical treatments is reported. Lastly, the prevention by promoting healthful diet, physical activity, sleep pattern, and environment is strongly recommended since the intrauterine phase

A global water resources ensemble of hydrological models: the eartH2Observe Tier-1 dataset

The dataset presented here consists of an ensemble of 10 global hydrological and land surface models for the period 1979–2012 using a reanalysis-based meteorological forcing dataset (0.5° resolution). The current dataset serves as a state of the art in current global hydrological modelling and as a benchmark for further improvements in the coming years. A signal-to-noise ratio analysis revealed low inter-model agreement over (i) snow-dominated regions and (ii) tropical rainforest and monsoon areas. The large uncertainty of precipitation in the tropics is not reflected in the ensemble runoff. Verification of the results against benchmark datasets for evapotranspiration, snow cover, snow water equivalent, soil moisture anomaly and total water storage anomaly using the tools from The International Land Model Benchmarking Project (ILAMB) showed overall useful model performance, while the ensemble mean generally outperformed the single model estimates. The results also show that there is currently no single best model for all variables and that model performance is spatially variable. In our unconstrained model runs the ensemble mean of total runoff into the ocean was 46 268 km3 yr−1 (334 kg m−2 yr−1), while the ensemble mean of total evaporation was 537 kg m−2 yr−1. All data are made available openly through a Water Cycle Integrator portal (WCI, wci.earth2observe.eu), and via a direct http and ftp download. The portal follows the protocols of the open geospatial consortium such as OPeNDAP, WCS and WMS. The DOI for the data is https://doi.org/10.1016/10.5281/zenodo.167070