The Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Al-Abbasʹs (AS) Hand Fruit Peel (Citrus Medica) var. Sarcodactylis Swingle

A study was conducted to determine the effect of essential oils of Al-Abbasʹs (AS) Hand fruit Peel (Citrus medica) var. sarcodactylis Swingle on the Pathogenic bacteria. Al-Abbasʹs (AS) Hand fruit peels essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, the oil yield was about 0.75% (7.5 g/1 kg) of fresh peel.  The essential oils of Al-Abbasʹs (AS) Hand (Citrus medica) L. var. sarcodactylis (Sieber) Swingle fruit peel has effective antibacterial activities on the test isolates as indicated by the diameter of their zone of inhibition. The inhibition zone was 18 mm for Enterobacter cloacae, 15 mm for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 22 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 20 mm for Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus sp. and Streptococcus spp., 25 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. The study revealed that the essential oils of Al-Abbasʹs (AS) Hand fruit peel could be as a therapeutic agent for human microbial infections. Keywords: Essential oils, Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Swingle, peel extract, pathogenic bacteria antimicrobial activity.

Green synthesis of Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Using Al-Abbas's (A.S.) Hund Fruit (Citrus medica) var. Sarcodactylis Swingle Extract and Used in Al-'alqami River Water Treatment

In this study, magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous ferrous chloride, ferric chlorideand sodium hydroxide through a simple and eco-friendly route using Al- Abbas's (A.S.) Hund Fruit extracts,which acted as a reductant and stabilizer simultaneously. Characterizations of nanoparticles were done by usingUV-visible, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM methods. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the aqueous solution containingmagnetite iron oxide nanoparticle showed an absorption peak at round 340 nm. FT-IR graph showed peaks at519 cm -1 confirm the presence of Magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles in the synthesized samples. It is clear thatthe bioactive molecules present in the Abbas's (A.S.) Hund Fruit extract interacted with the synthesizedMagnetite iron oxide nanoparticles. The diffractogram exhibits six distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ values, as the(220), (311), (400), (422), (511) and (440) crystallographic planes of the inverse spherical magnetite crystal. Theaverage crystallite size was evaluated by diffraction line broadening (d 311) using the Debye-Scherrer equation.The average size of Fe3O4 crystallites obtained from nanocomposite was about 45nm. The magnetite iron oxidenanoparticles synthesized by the help of Abbas's (A.S.) Hund Fruit extracts were scanned using SEM. It revealsthat an iron oxide nanoparticle seems to be spherical in morphology.The Al-'alqami River water treatment by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesize by Abbas's (A.S.) HundFruit extracts led to the reduction of the number of bacteria to 80% after twelve hours of treatment whereas watertreatment by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for 24 hours led to kill all the bacteria in water.Keywords: Green synthesis, Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Al- Abbas's (A.S.) Hund Fruit, Watertreatment, Al-'alqami River

Anti-Bacterial Activity of the Prophet Mohammad (SWS) Drink's against Pathogenic Bacteria

Drink of the Prophet Mohammad (Kefiran) which is acidifying fermented milk is accepted as a good example of a probiotic mixture of bacteria and yeast. In this study colorimetric VITEK-2 Compact system was used to identify isolates and to detect susceptibility test to several antimicrobial agents. The study also investigated the antimicrobial activity of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours fermented DPM (kefiran) against isolated bacteria from UTI patients. The bacteria isolated were eleven gram negative bacteria, included, Acinetobacter baumannii 8 (8%), Enterobacter cloacae 4 (4%), Escherichia coli 16 (15%), Klebsiella oxytoca 6 (6%), Klebsiella pneumonia 11 (10%), Micrococcus luteus 3 (3%), Morganella morganii 4 (4%), Proteus mirabilis 7 (7%), Proteus vulgaris 4 (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12 (11%) and Serratia marcescens 4 (4%) and four gram positive bacteria, Enterococcus cloacae 2 (2%), Enterococcus faecalis 2 (2%), Staphylococcus aureus 15 (14%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus 6 (6%). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test against gram negative and positive bacteria showed the majority of isolates were resistant to most antimicrobials. The MIC values ranged from (? 0.125 - ? 32 ?g/ml). The inhibition zone of 24 hours incubation of DPM (Kefiran) against all isolates was between (7-8 mm).The effects at 48hours of incubation of DPM (kefiran) against all isolates was between (8-9 mm). The effects at 72 hours of incubation the inhibition zone was between (10-11 mm). The maximum activity of the Prophet Mohammad Drink's was recorded at 96 hours of incubation period against all isolates; the inhibition zone was between (10-12 mm). Keywords: Urinary tract infections, Vitek-2 compact, Drink of the Prophet Mohammad (Kefiran), antimicrobial activity, pathogenic bacteria

Factors Influence on the yield of Bacterial Cellulose of Kombucha (Khubdat Humza)

Kombucha(Khubdat Humza) is composed of yeast and acetic acid bacteria especially, Acetobacter xylinum which forms a cellulose pellicle on tea broth. Kombucha(Khubdat Humza) produces bacterial cellulose pellicles, with unique purity and fine structure. It can be used in many forms, such as an emulsifier, stabilizer, dispersing agent, thickener and gelling agent but these are generally subsidiary to its most important use of holding on to water. Recently, bacterial cellulose is used in many special applications such as a scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilages and blood vessels, also for artificial skin for temporary covering of wounds, as well as its used in the clothing industry. The yield of cellulose produced were investigated in this study, the tea broth was fermented naturally over a period of up to 20 days in the presence of different amounts of black tea and sucrose as nitrogen and carbon sources. 10g/L black tea produced highest weight of bacterial cellulose (55.46g/L) and 100g/L sucrose also exhibited high amount of pellicle (63.58g/L). Temperature was essential factor on growth, where the pellicle was formed at range (20°C - 50°C) and higher temperature over 50°C depressed the bacterial cellulose formation. The bacterial cellulose production increased with the increase of surface area and depth of the broth. Findings from this study suggest that the yield of cellulose depends on many factors that need to be optimized to achieve maximum yield

Environmental Friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Mureira Tree (Azadirachta indica) Cultivated in Iraq and Efficacy the Antimicrobial Activity

In the present study, environment friendly and cost effective silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaves extract of Mureira tree cultivated in Iraq as the reducing and capping agent. The nanoparticless were characterized using UV-visble, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM methods. The surface plasmon resonance peaks in absorption spectra for silver colloidal solution showed an absorption peak at 420 nm in a UV-visible spectrum. The functional biomolecules such as carboxyl groups present in the seaweed responsible for the silver nanoparticles formation were characterized by FT-IR. The XRD results suggested that the crystallization of the bio-organic phase occurs on the surface of the silver nanoparticles or vice versa. The broadening of peaks in the XRD patterns was attributed to particle size effects and the average particles size about 30 nm which was calculated by using the Dubai-Scherrer equation. The silver nanoparticles synthesized by the help of Mureira tree leaves extracts were scanned using SEM. It reveals that a silver nanoparticle seems to be spherical in morphology. The results shows that silver nanoparticles synthesized by Moreira leaves extract has effective antibacterial activities on the test isolates as indicated by the diameter of their zone of inhibition. The inhibition zone was 17 mm for Enterobacter cloacae, 18 mm for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, 16 mm for Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15 mm for Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. The antimicrobial activity of Moreira leaves extract has lowest effect against tested isolates. The inhibition zone was 7 mm for Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp. and Streptococcus spp. 10 mm for Klebsiella pneumonia, and 8 mm for Staphylococcus aureus.The study revealed that the silver nanoparticles synthesis by using leaves extract of Mureira tree could be as a therapeutic agent for human microbial infections. Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, pathogenic bacteria, Mureira tree, Leaf Extract, antimicrobial activity

Purification of the Tigris River water using seeds extract of Al-Ruwag tree (Moringa oleifera Lamarck) cultivated in Iraq.

This study is the first in Iraq, in which the use of the Al-Ruwag tree seeds that were planted from seeds imported from Sudan and the age of the tree three years, and this is the second season of harvested bods. Al-Ruwag tree is very useful and all parts of the tree have potent medicinal value and seed has coagulant activity to remove the turbidity from water as a natural coagulant instead of chemical coagulant. In the present study preparation of dried seed powder of Al-Ruwag tree in many concentrations and that was treated with raw water. After treatment with raw water by Jar test, samples were analyzed for all the parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, and bacterial examination. The results of the present study showed that Al-Ruwag seed has more coagulant activity specific at concentration 10 and 15 percentage, in this concentration the turbidity values and total suspended solid were zero. The results of the present study demonstrated the of Al-Ruwag seeds extract was efficient against bacteria found in raw water. The concentration (1%, 2%, 3% and 5%) of Al-Ruwag seeds extract reduced the number of bacteria in raw water to about (93.75%, 95.5%, 99.37% and 99.68%) respectively. Whereas the concentration (10% and 15%) of Al-Ruwag seeds extract reduced the number of bacteria to 100% .We conclude from the current study that the Al-Ruwag seed is environmentally friendly, non-toxic and a natural coagulant, which is effective against the causes of water-borne diseases

Study of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Oxacillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) Isolated from Service Workers

This study was conducted to detect the present of Oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern among service workers attending Al-Nu'man Hospital, Baghdad from January to December, 2015. Oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) is known to be multidrug resistant and thus difficult to treat, its causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide.   The results of the current study shows a total of 600 Staphylococcal isolates were isolated from service workers. Out of them, 165 (27.5%) isolates were coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) and 435 (72.5%) isolates were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS), 78 (21%) of S. aureus exhibited oxacillin resistance. The present study shows increase the resistant of ORSA to commonly use antimicrobials.    The results highlight the need for effective implementation of community infection control measures among service workers. There is a need for the judicious use of antimicrobial agents among service workers. As their indiscriminate use can exert pressure in selecting out Oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) and other multidrug Bacteria