HUMIC ACID AND INDOLE ACETIC ACID AFFECT YIELD AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF DILL GROWN UNDER TWO DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN EGYPT

Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of humic acid, indole acetic acid or combination on productivity, essential oil of dill plant cultivated in two different locations. Also, to study the dill straw as a new source of essential oil instead of neglecting this by-product.Methods: In 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, a field experiment was conducted in Egypt to evaluate the effect of humic acid (0 and 400 ppm), indole acetic acid (0 and 400 ppm) and region (Nile Valley and Delta, Giza governorate and Sinai Peninsula, North Sinai governorate) on dill productivity, oil content and its composition.Results: Results demonstrated that dill straw can be explored as a new source of essential oil. Generally found that the cultivation of dill in Giza gave the best results from cultivation in the North Sinai. For spraying treatments, there was a disparity in the response studied characters, where spraying by humic acid gave the best results of survival %, plant height, number of branches, number of umbles and seed oil yield (l/fed). While the best values of dill straw (g/plant or kg/fed) and the percentage of oil seed were obtained with indole acetic acid spray. Also, indole acetic acid+humic acid gave the best values of seed weight (g/plant or kg/fed) and straw volatile oil content (% or l/fed). But, non-spraying plants gave lower values of all studied characters. As for interaction treatments, spraying by humic acid gave the best results of plant height, number of branches and number of umbles in both regions and seed oil (% or yield) at Giza as well as straw oil yield at North Sinai. At the same time, indole acetic acid gave the highest straw (g/plant or kg/fed) and seeds oil % at North Sinai. But, indole acetic acid+humic acid gave the highest seeds (g/plant or kg/fed) and straw oil in regions as well as seeds and straw oil yields in North Sinai and Giza, respectively. Overall, indole acetic acid under the conditions of the Giza region gave the best results for straw (g/plant or kg/fed), while spray with humic acid gave the highest values of plant height, number of branches, number of umbles and seed volatile oil (% or yield) in Giza as well as the highest of seed weight (g/plant or kg/fed) and straw volatile oil (% or yield) was obtained by indole acetic acid+humic acid. In view of the components of the volatile oil found that carvone, dihydrocarvone, limonene, dill apiol and piperitone compounds in the seed and α-phellandrene, limonene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene and dill ether compounds in straw was the main compounds. The percentages of these compounds affected by factors under study.Conclusion: Cultivation of dill in Giza region gave the best results from cultivation in the North Sinai region. Humic acid and indole acetic acid play an important role in plant growth, yield and ameliorate the deleterious effects of salt stress. The content of carvone, dihydrocarvone, limonene, dill apiol and piperitone in the seed oil as major compounds and α-phellandrene, limonene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene, dill ether as major compounds in the straw oil affected by factors under study. Dill straw can be explored as a new source of essential oil

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANT REGENERATION FROM CALLUS AND SUSPENSION CULTURES OF IPHIONA MUCRONATA (FORSSK)

A protocol was designed for plant regeneration of Iphiona mucronata from embryogenic callus via somatic embryogenesis to enable micro propagation of this endangered plant. The embryogenic callus was induced using seedling cultured for nine months on Murashig and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.1 mg l-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 0.1 mg l-1 kinetin (Kn) and 5 mg l-1 ascorbic acid and incubated in the dark followed by growing on hormone free medium. Transfer of developed embryos to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 kinetin induced shoot formation. Four treatments were further tried for plant development by using indole acetic acid (IAA) or indole butyric acid (IBA) alone or in combination with kinetin. The results showed that 2 mg l-1 IAA was the best for in vitro plantlet regeneration. Embryogenic suspension was induced by transfer of embryogenic callus to liquid medium having the same composition followed by hormone free medium where different stages of embryos were monitored. Shoots were developed upon transfer to liquid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 Kn. However, no further development appeared upon transfer to semi solid medium containing different phytohormones. Embryogenic callus showed the highest phenolic contents when compared with embryogenic suspension, regenerated plantlets and the parent plant while flavonoids were detected only in embryogenic callus

GROWTH, YIELD AND FATTY ACIDS RESPONSE OF OENOTHERA BIENNIS TO WATER STRESS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Objective: The objective of this research was to study the effects of water stress treatments (40, 60, and 80 % available soil moisture, ASM) and/or potassium application (0, 0.4 and 0.8 g/pot) on growth parameters, yield and fatty acids content and composition of Oenothera biennis under greenhouse conditions.Methods: A two years pot experiment was conducted on Oenothera biennis under Egypt conditions in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Growth, seed yield (g/plant) and seed fixed oil content recorded at the first and second seasons. The fatty acid profile of total lipids extracted from Oenothera biennis was determined by Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis.Results: Growth characteristics (plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules/plant and dry weights of the whole plant, root, and straw), seed yield (g/plant) and oil yield in two seasons were significantly decreased with the rise in water stress levels. Oil % was stimulated in response to water stress. Application of potassium counteracted the adverse effects of water stress. The maximum growth, seed yield and oil yield were obtained from plants irrigated with 80 % available soil moisture (ASM) plus potassium (0.8 g/pot). On the contrary, supplying plants with a water level of 40 % ASM and with potassium (0.8 g/pot) or (0.4 g/pot) gave the best result for the oil percentage in the first and second seasons, respectively. In respect to fatty acids profile, the percentage of C16:0, C18:1n9 and C22:0 acids were increased with increasing water stress while a reverse response was observed in C18:0, C18:2n6, C20:0, C18:3n6 and C20:1n9 acids. K application attenuated oil composition, where it led to a slight increase in C18:2n6 and C20:0 acids while decreased the percentages of C16:0, C18:1n9, C22:0 acids C18:0, C18:3n6 and C20:1n9 acids. Potassium rates plus 60 % ASM increased C18:0 and C18:1n9 acids while K application with both of 60 % ASM and 40 % ASM increased C18:2n6 and C20:0 acids. The C22:0 acids increased under the interaction of all irrigation treatments with (0.4 g/pot) dose of K. However, C16:0 acids increased as a result of 80 % ASM treatment with the different potassium rates. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of K application to alleviating the adverse effects of water stress on Oenothera plants.Conclusion: Increasing irrigation levels increased the plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules/plant, seed yield and dry weights of the whole plant, root, and straw of Oenothera biennis and the optimum irrigation level for the highest yields of these variables was 80 % ASM. Whereas, oil % decreased with increasing irrigation levels and the optimum irrigation level for the highest oil % was 40 % ASM. However, for the oil yield from plants that received 80 % ASM produced more oil yield than plants received 60 % or 40 % ASM. Application of potassium counteracted the adverse effects of water stress. Potassium fertilizer increased plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules/plant, seed yield and dry weights of the whole plant, root, and straw of Oenothera biennis. Application of potassium could be a practical approach for enhancing the oil accumulation in Oenothera biennis. The current study provided important information about the qualitative and quantitative changes in the fatty acids profile of Oenothera biennis in relation to potassium application under water stress conditions.Keywords: Fatty acids, Oenothera biennis, Potassium fertilizer, Water stres

Job Hypocrisy in Schools and Ways to Overcome it from School Principals Points of View at the Directorate of Education for the First Zarqa

هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة درجة انتشار ظاهرة النفاق الوظيفي في المدارس، وطرق التغلب عليه من وجهة نظر مديري المدارس في مديرية تربية الزرقاء الأولى، والتعرف إلى أثر متغيرات (الجنس، والمؤهل العلمي، وسنوات الخبرة) في ذلك، تكوّن مجتمع الدراسة وعينتها من جميع مديري المدارس الحكومية في مديرية تربية الزرقاء الأولى، للعام الدراسي 2020/2021، والبالغ عددهم (148) مديرًا ومديرة، وتمّ اختيار خمسة عشر مدرسة من المدارس الحكومية في محافظة الزرقاء بأسلوب المعاينة القصدية لإجراء المقابلة والإجابة عن السؤال المفتوح المتعلق بطرق التغلب على انتشار ظاهرة النفاق الوظيفي في المدارس، وتمّ تطوير استبانة اشتملت على (38) فقرة موزّعة على مجالين بواقع (20) فقرة لمجال النفاق بالقول، و(18) فقرة لمجال النفاق بالعمل، وكشفت نتائج الدراسة أن درجة انتشار ظاهرة النفاق الوظيفي في المدارس لدى المعلمين من وجهة نظر مديري المدارس في مديرية تربية الزرقاء الأولى جاءت بدرجة متوسطة على مجالي القول والفعل، كما أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية تعزى لأثر متغيرات (الجنس، والمؤهل العلمي) في جميع المجالات والدرجة الكلية، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية تعزى لأثر سنوات الخبرة في النفاق بالفعل، والنفاق الوظيفي، وجاءت الفروق لصالح الأقل من عشر سنوات، وعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية  في النفاق بالقول، وتـوصلت النتائج إلى أن تقديم الحوافز وتعميق إحساس العاملين بأنهم شركاء في وضع أهداف المدرسة والسماح للعاملين بالمشاركة في صنع واتخاذ القرارات هي من أهم طرق التغلب على انتشار ظاهرة النفاق الوظيفي في المدارس.The study aimed to find out the degree of the spread of the phenomenon of job hypocrisy in schools and ways to overcome it from principals’ perceptions in the First Zarqa Education Directorate, and to identify the impact of the variables (gender, educational qualification, and years of experience) on that. The population and sample of the study consisted of (148) – all public-school principals in First Zarqa Directorate of Education during the academic year 2020/2021. Fifteen public schools in Zarqa Governorate were chosen by the purposive sampling method to conduct the interview for answering the open question. Also, a questionnaire was used for collecting data. In its first part, the questionnaire included some demographic variables, and the second part of it included (38) items distributed into two domains with (20) items for hypocrisy by saying, and (18) items for the domain of hypocrisy by doing. The results of the study revealed that the degree of spread of the phenomenon of job hypocrisy in schools among teachers from the principals’ perceptions in the First Zarqa Education Directorate came with a moderate degree in both domains of saying and doin. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences due to the effect of the variables (gender, educational qualification) in the two domains and the total degree, while there were statistically significant differences attributed to the impact of years of experience in hypocrisy by doing and job hypocrisy, and the differences came in favor of less than ten years, and no statistically significant differences in hypocrisy by saying. Also, the results concluded that providing incentives and deepening employees’ sense that they are partners in setting school goals and allowing employees to participate in decision-making are among the most important ways to overcome the spread of the phenomenon of job hypocrisy in schools

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new polyheterocyclic systems containing 1,2,4-triazine moiety

7-(4-Chloro/3-nitrophenyl)-8-[5,6-diphenyl-4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl]-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (6a, b) was utilized as a key intermediate for the target polyheterocyclic systems. Reactions of 6a, b with halocarbonyl reagents followed by heterocyclization with bi-nitrogen nucleophiles gave some new nitrogen heterocycles (7-13). Structures of the new compounds were established by elemental analyses and spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity

A Systematic Design of a Compact Wideband Hybrid Directional Coupler Based on Printed RGW Technology

Printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) is considered among the state of art guiding technologies due to its low signal distortion and low loss at Millimeter Wave (mmWave) spectrum, which motivates the research community to use this guiding structure as a host technology for various passive microwave and mmWave components. One of the most important passive components used in antenna beam-switching networks is the quadrature hybrid directional coupler providing signal power division with 90° phase shift. A featured design of a broadband and compact PRGW hybrid coupler is propose in this paper. A novel design methodology, based on mode analysis, is introduced to design the objective coupler. The proposed design is suitable for mmWave applications with small electrical dimensions ( 1.2λo×1.2λo ), low loss, and wide bandwidth. The proposed hybrid coupler is fabricated on Roger/RT 6002 substrate material of thickness 0.762 mm. The measured results highlight that the coupler can provide a good return loss with a bandwidth of 26.5% at 30 GHz and isolation beyond 15 dB. The measured phase difference between the coupler output ports is equal 90∘± 5∘ through the interested operating bandwidth. A clear agreement between the simulated and the measured results over the assigned operating bandwidth has been illustrated

Hypoxic-Ischemig Encephalopathy in Term Neonates: Early Biochemical Indicators

Abstract: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) after perinatal asphyxia is a condition in which serum concentrations of brain-specific biochemical markers may be elevated. Neuro-protective interventions in asphyxiated newborns require early indicators of brain damage to initiate therapy. Our aim is to investigate serum concentration of brain-specific biochemical markers, as early biochemical indicators of neonatal asphyxia. The study was carried out at the Neurology, Pediatric and Clinical Pathology Department, Zagazig and Al-Azhar Universities Hospitals. It was conducted on 30 infants with perinatal asphyxia. We examined brain-specific creatinekinase (CK-BB), protein S-100 and neurospecific enolase (NSE) in cord blood and at 2,6,12 and 24 h afterbirth. At 2 h afterbirth, median (quartiles) serum CK-BB concentration was 16.0 U/L in infants with mild HIE and 36 U/L in infants with moderate HIE and 46.5 U/L in infants with "severe HIE. Serum protein S-100 2 h afterbirth was 2.9 ug/L in asphyxiated infants with mild HIE, 3.9 ug/L in infants with moderate HIE and 17.9 ug/L in infants with severe HIE while no significant difference was detectable in serum neuro-specific enolase between infants with mild, moderate and severe HIE 2 h and 6 h afterbirth. A combination of serum protein S-100 (cutoff value, 8.5 ug/L) and CK-BB (cutoff value, 18.8 U/L) 2 hr after birth had the highest predictive value (83%) and specificity (95%) of predicting moderate and severe HIE. Cord blood pH (cutoff value, < 6.9) and cord blood base deficit (cutoff value, > 17mM/L) increase the predictive values of protein S-100 and CK-BB. We conclude that elevated serum concentrations of CK-BB and protein S-100 reliably indicate moderate and severe HIE as early as 2 h afterbirth