Discovering Visual Elements of Web Pages and Their Roles: Users' Perception

Web pages typically include many visual elements such as header and footer to support interaction with the user. However, if web pages do not comply with web accessibility guidelines, and these visual elements are not explicitly encoded in the underlying source code, they become inaccessible in alternative presentations, such as audio. This article presents an automatic role detection approach to identify visual elements in web pages and their roles. The system architecture has three major components: automatic identification of visual elements in web pages; automatic generation of heuristic rules from the knowledge base; and application of these rules for automatic annotation of visual elements with their roles. This article first explains the system architecture in detail and then presents both technical and user evaluations of the proposed approach. Our user evaluation shows that the automatic role detection approach has around 70% receptive accuracy, but the proposed knowledge base could be further improved for better results. Our technical evaluation shows that the complexity is an important performance factor in role detection - required resources and execution time increases when the web page has more complex structure

The effects of pre-op trainning on the anxiety levels of children in Corum/Turkey

Summary Objective: all individuals regardless of their age or level of development require physical, emotional and cognitive preparation before an operation. It is known that the attitudes of pediatric nurses towards pediatric patients are influential on the anxiety levels of children awaiting an operation. This study aims to determine the effect of pre-op trainning on the anxiety levels of pediatric patients hospitalized for hernioplasty surgery. Methods: this cross sectional and quasi-experimental study included a total of 100 patients aged 7-12 years admitted for inguinal hernia surgery, 50 of which were the control group and 50 the experiment group. The data was gathered using the patients’ identification forms and a child steady state anxiety scale. Research data was evaluated with appropriate statistical methods. Results: the groups showed similar socio-demographic features and no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). During the pre-op period neither of the groups showed any statistically significant difference in terms of both state and trait anxiety levels (p>0.05), however the experiment group showed a statistically significant drop in their anxiety levels during the post-op period (p<0.05). Conclusion: the state anxiety levels of children receiving a planned pre-op trainning are lower compared to children who did not receive such trainning. Reducing the anxiety levels of sick children is possible through giving visual and tangible information appropriate with the age and developmental level of the sick child during the pre-op period

The effects of pre-op trainning on the anxiety levels of children in Corum/Turkey

Summary Objective: all individuals regardless of their age or level of development require physical, emotional and cognitive preparation before an operation. It is known that the attitudes of pediatric nurses towards pediatric patients are influential on the anxiety levels of children awaiting an operation. This study aims to determine the effect of pre-op trainning on the anxiety levels of pediatric patients hospitalized for hernioplasty surgery. Methods: this cross sectional and quasi-experimental study included a total of 100 patients aged 7-12 years admitted for inguinal hernia surgery, 50 of which were the control group and 50 the experiment group. The data was gathered using the patients&#8217; identification forms and a child steady state anxiety scale. Research data was evaluated with appropriate statistical methods. Results: the groups showed similar socio-demographic features and no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). During the pre-op period neither of the groups showed any statistically significant difference in terms of both state and trait anxiety levels (p>0.05), however the experiment group showed a statistically significant drop in their anxiety levels during the post-op period (p<0.05). Conclusion: the state anxiety levels of children receiving a planned pre-op trainning are lower compared to children who did not receive such trainning. Reducing the anxiety levels of sick children is possible through giving visual and tangible information appropriate with the age and developmental level of the sick child during the pre-op period

Vision Based Page Segmentation: Extended and Improved Algorithm

<p>Web pages consist of different segments, serving different purposes. Most common types of these segments are header, right or left columns and main content. Moreover, these parts may include several subparts, as a news web page may contain more than one article in a page. In order to detect different segments in a web page, we first need to construct its block structure, and using visual cues is a very useful practice in this process. Being one of the most popular algorithms for this pur- pose, Vision Based Segmentation Algorithm (VIPS Algorithm) needs some improvement in its most important part, visual block extraction. We defined some additional terms and detected visual cues for extending visual block extraction part. In this technical report, deficiencies of VIPS algorithm are explained, and new rules are defined. Moreover, our implementation of VIPS algorithm is introduced.</p

Knowledge, Attitude about Breast Cancer and Practice of Breast Cancer Screening among Female Health Care Professionals: A Study From Turkey

The awareness of health professionals about breast cancer prevention is of vital importance, since their beliefs and behaviors may have a major impact on other women. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, and attitudes regarding risk factors for breast cancer as well as screening such as breast self-examiation, clinical breast examination and mammography among different groups of female health professionals. In this cross-sectional study, 444 female health professionals in various health centers located in Corum Province, Turkey, were interviewed using a self-administered questionnaire. The mean age was 33.1 +/- 6.1 and most were married (81.3%). The rate of feeling under risk regarding breast cancer among female health personnel was 31.3%. The majority (98.4 %) perceived breast self-examination as a beneficial method for the early detection of breast cancer. Although 81.3 % of the participants stated that they did breast self examination, only 27.3 % reported doing so on a regular basis (performed monthly or once per menstrual cycle). The most common reason for not doing breast self-examination was the belief that it was not necessary (45.8 %). Of the entire group, the rate of having a mammography was 10.1% and the rate of clinical breast examination was 24.8%. Health professionals are a direct source of medical information to the public. The use of breast self-examination and mammography was found lower than expected when considering the fact that participants were health care professionals

Web Page Transcoding Based on Eye Tracking

<p>As web technologies evolve and enable designers to create more visually interactive and consequently complex web pages, unfortunately, accessing these pages in alternative forms such as by using screen read- ers or mobile devices, is still a major problem. In the context of eMINE project, an algorithm to visually identify visual elements and their roles in the web pages, and eMINE Scanpath Analysis Algorithm to generate a common scanpath for visual elements by using eye tracking data were proposed. In this technical report, a number of transcoding techniques and their architectures are discussed. These techniques aim to combine the visual element identification with eMINE Scanpath Analysis Algorithm.</p

Evaluation of Automatic Discovery of Visual Elements of Web Pages

<p>Web pages are typically designed for visual interaction – they include many visual elements to guide the reader. However, when they are accessed in alternative forms such as in audio, these visual elements are not available and therefore they become inaccessible. To address this problem, we have proposed an approach to identify visual elements in a web page and then characterize the semantic role of these web elements. The purpose of this technical report is to discuss the evaluation methodology in detail and present our results, which provide useful information into later applications of web page segmentation, heuristic role detec- tion of web elements and web page transcoding. Our evaluation shows that, our segmentation algorithm has success rate above average and generally, users prefer the detailed segmentation levels to the simplistic segmentation levels. Moreover, our user evaluation on role detection shows that our proposed approach has around 80% receptive accuracy, but the proposed knowledge base could be further improved for better results.</p

Vision Based Page Segmentation: Extended and Improved Algorithm

<p>Web pages consist of different segments, serving different purposes. Most common types of these segments are header, right or left columns and main content. Moreover, these parts may include several subparts, as a news web page may contain more than one article in a page. In order to detect different segments in a web page, we first need to construct its block structure, and using visual cues is a very useful practice in this process. Being one of the most popular algorithms for this pur- pose, Vision Based Segmentation Algorithm (VIPS Algorithm) needs some improvement in its most important part, visual block extraction. We defined some additional terms and detected visual cues for extending visual block extraction part. In this technical report, deficiencies of VIPS algorithm are explained, and new rules are defined. Moreover, our implementation of VIPS algorithm is introduced.</p