ESTROGENS IMPROVE THE CARDIOVASCULAR ALTERATIONS IN FRUCTOSE-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANT OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the possible improving effects of 17-β estradiol (EST) and genistein (GEN) on the cardiovascular changes associated with fructose (21% in drinking water for 8 weeks)-induced insulin resistance.Methods: Sham-operated and ovariectomized mature female rats were included in this study. Insulin-resistant ovariectomized animals were sc treated with EST (100 µg/kg) or GEN (1 mg/kg) on the daily basis for 21 consecutive days.Results: Induction of insulin resistance in both sham-operated and ovariectomized rats decreased the vascular responsiveness of isolated aortic rings towards the vasoconstrictor norepinephrine and the vasodilator acetylcholine (Ach) with no changes towards the vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. Fructose-induced insulin resistance was also associated with an elevation in the blood pressure (BP) with decreased serum level of nitric oxide (NO). Treatment of insulin-resistant ovariectomized rats with either EST or GEN improved the vascular responsiveness of isolated aortic rings towards Ach and succeeded to reduce the elevated BP. Moreover, both EST and GEN decreased the insulin resistance/compensatory hyper insulinaemia. Treatment with EST increased serum NO level.Conclusion: EST and GEN have the ability to improve the endothelium-dependent relaxation in insulin-resistant ovariectomized rats and modulate the elevated BP.Â

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Streptozotocin-induced vascular and biochemical changes in rats: Effects of rosiglitazone vs. metformin

The aim was to investigate rosiglitazone and metformin effects on some vascular and biochemical changes associated with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg; i.p.)-induced hyperglycaemia in rats. Isolated aortas were used to evaluate their reactivity towards norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside. Blood samples were used to assess the biochemical changes of some parameters viz., plasma lipid peroxides and nitric oxide levels and erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase activity. Hyperglycaemic animals orally received rosiglitazone (0.5 mg/kg) or metformin (150 mg/kg) daily for 2 weeks and their effects were determined 24 h after the last dose. Our results revealed that streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia is associated with impaired vascular reactivity towards various agents, increased lipid peroxides level, decreased glutathione peroxidise activity, and decreased nitric oxide level. Both drugs further decreased norepinephrine-induced contraction and improved acetylcholine- and sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations. Rosiglitazone restored the alterations in all tested biochemical parameters while metformin restored only glutathione peroxidise activity. In conclusion both drugs show beneficial effects against the vascular dysfunction associated with hyperglycaemia which might be related to their euglycaemic activity in addition to anti-oxidant property of rosiglitazone and a direct effect of metformin on vascular smooth muscle

Effect of Nigella sativa and wheat germ oils on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats

Aim: To investigate the possible memory enhancing effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and wheat germ oil (WGO) on scopolamine-induced amnesic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats received either saline or scopolamine (16 mg/kg, i.p.). The other three groups were pretreated with NSO (1 ml/kg, p.o.), WGO (170 mg/kg, p.o.) or donepezil used as a reference drug (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days before scopolamine injection. Cognitive and biochemical measurements were then assessed. Principal results: NSO and WGO treated rats significantly reversed scopolamine-induced deficit of spatial and non-spatial working memory impairment in the T maze alternation task and object recognition test, respectively. Administration of NSO prior to scopolamine showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase in Glutathione (GSH) brain contents to be similar to that observed in donepezil group. It did not alter cholinesterase activity and showed a significant decrease in brain tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) content to be similar to donepezil-treated rats. Scopolamine-demented rats pretreated with WGO did not change MDA brain content significantly as compared to scopolamine and donepezil groups. WGO-treated rats showed a significant increase in GSH to a level similar to that observed in the donepezil group, it showed a significant decrease in cholinesterase activity as compared to scopolamine group and significantly elevated brain TNF-α content when compared to donepezil group. Conclusions: Memory enhancing effect of NSO in the present study might be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, while that of WGO might be via its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities