(Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

0. Title page and contents 1. Introduction/ Material and methods 4 2. The phylogenetic position of the Sericini 24 3. The phylogeny of Maladera (subgenus Cycloserica) 51 4. The phylogeny of Maladera (subgenus Omaladera) 59 5. The phylogeny of Calloserica 72 6. The phylogeny of Lasioserica 84 7. The phylogeny of Sericania 106 8. The phylogeny of Xenoserica gen. n. 120 9. The phylogeny of Serica 132 10. The phylogeny of Anomalophylla 156 11. Biogeography of Himalayan Sericini - a synthesis 167 12. Acknowledgements/ Summary/ Zusammenfassung/ References 180 13. Appendix 1941) To determine the phylogenetic position of the Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), cladistic analyses were performed. The taxa included in the analysis represent most the "traditional" subfamilies of coprophagous and phytophagous Scarabaeidae, with emphasis on the Sericini and melolonthine lineages. Several poorly studied exoskeletal features have been examined including the elytral base, posterior wing venation, mouth parts, endosternites, coxal articulation, and genitalia. The results of the analysis strongly support the monophyly of the "orphnine group" + "melolonthine group". This clade was identified as the sister group to the "aphodiine line" including Aphodius + Copris. The "melolonthine group" is comprised in the strict consensus tree by two major clades, with the included taxa of Euchirinae, Rutelinae, and Dynastinae nested together in one of the clades ("melolonthine group I"). Melolonthini, Cetoniinae, and Rutelinae are strongly supported as being monophyletic, while Melolonthinae and Pachydemini appear as paraphyletic. Sericini + Ablaberini were identified in the analysis to be sister taxa nested within the "melolonthine group II" clade. As this clade is distributed primarily in the southern continents, one could assume that Sericini + Ablaberini are derived from one of these southern lineages. It is plausible that the ancestors of Sericini + Ablaberini and Athlia were separated by a vicariance event, such as the separation of the African plate from the rest of Gondwana, while Sericini and Ablaberini likely diversified during early Tertiary, with dispersal of some basal Sericini to South America. 2) The Sericini constitute a monophyletic group based on the following apomorphies: (1) vestigial (9th) sternite in the spiculum gastrale absent; (2) cranial process of the spiculum gastrale filiform, very slender and circular in cross section; (3) glandulae accessoriae with left and right glandulae (1+2) having a common duct to the vagina; (4) basal ostium of phallobase small; and (5) metacoxa enlarged. 3) To explore the diversification patterns of Sericini in the Himalaya, eight monophyletic groups have been analysed using cladistics, including Anomalophylla, Calloserica, Lasioserica/ Amiserica, Maladera (subgenus Omaladera), Maladera (subgenus Cycloserica), Serica, Sericania, and Xenoserica gen. n./ Nipponoserica. The Himalayan region has been treated as unit embracing the complex system of nearly parallel mountain ranges, from North Burma in the east to nearly Afghanistan in the west (approximately between 72° and 91° E and 27° and 36°N). 4) All Himalayan sericine taxa belong to a distal sericine lineage ("modern" Sericini), sharing the following apomorphic characters states: the presence of a carina from the craniolateral margin of the mesosternum to the mesofurcal arm and the acutely bent anterior anal vein (AA). 5) The phylogenies found show a congruent pattern in groups with similar vertical and/or horizontal distribution. Patterns of vertical and/or horizontal distribution are shown to be of crucial importance for gene flow, dispersal capacity, and for the opportunity to occupy new habitats. In lower montane species, major distal clades are generally restricted to the Himalaya, as revealed in Omaladera or Lasioserica. Among the montane lineages, the following general pattern of diversification have been hypothesized: (A) Himalayan xerophilous forms, such as Sericania, are supposed to have evolved also in the northern and drier parts of Tibet; this corridor should have been responsible for their interference with areas of north-eastern Asia. With progressing uplift and aridization of northern Tibet, and strengthened monsoon, the basal lineages of Sericania have been separated into a North-West Himalayan and East Asian clade. (B) Multiple events of radiation in Himalayan Sericini along southern slope of Himalaya regarding taxa of the more humid areas of the Himalayan southern slope, such as in Calloserica, Omaladera, or Lasioserica. This hypothesis is mainly supported by the congruent cumulative ranges of certain distal clades of species. The fact, that a great number of diverse sericine groups performed a strong diversification within these mountain chains, lead to assume that the presence of mountain ranges with the characteristics similar to the present Himalaya predate those diversification processes. Similar patterns result from preliminary cladistic analyses of Microserica, Nepaloserica, and Oxyserica. (C) Major distal clades of middle to upper montane species show a stronger interference with the mountain regions of eastern Tibet as apparent from cladistic analysis of Serica. This would implicate that flight-active organisms of medium and upper montane belt had in present and/or past better opportunities for dispersal along and across higher mountain chains as encountered in the Himalaya or eastern Tibet. (D) Diversification at eastern margin of Tibetan Highland, with (rather recent) range extension north- easterly and westerly (Anomalophylla). (E) Most of the forms occurring in lowland and in the colline regions of the Himalaya represent taxa with extensive ranges having here a limit of their distribution. To these belong the taxa with range belonging for example to Himalayan-Indochinese or to Himalayan-Indian chorotype. Among the forms of the lowland areas, only a very few developed monophyletic Himalayan lineages, such as the taxa belonging to the Maladera (subgenus Cycloserica). For this group results of cladistic analysis reveal a separating effect of the Himalayan-Alpine belt. It is postulated that two Cycloserica lineages existed before they dispersed into the two separated areas, the northern Indian subcontinent (Himalaya) and the Middle Asian lowland. 6) The occurrence of numerous basal lineages in the Himalaya, additionally, lead to assume that the Himalaya was in historical framework also a "refugium", being able to buffer fluctuations of climate by "orobiom-shifting". These "refugia" might be related also to special topographical structures such as large river valleys which were able to cross the Great Himalayan chain, as apparent in case of Xenoserica. In the Himalaya presently very restrictedly occurring basal lineages of e. g. Lasioserica or Serica should be interpreted as relics of former widely distributed clades. The taxa of these clades became extinct in great part, probably also in consequence of competition of the strongly radiating younger lineages. 7) There is comparatively high evidence from range positions of closely related species for allopatric geographical speciation in Lasioserica with the majority of closely related Central Himalayan species occurring allopatrically or parapatrically. However, in the more easterly distributed lineages, this pattern is altered by the contrary, with a great portion of closely related species occurring sympatrically. This differentiated pattern might be attributed to the climatic gradient in present and past which has been characterizing this mountain range at least since onset of monsoon climate with its humid south-eastern summer winds. 8) About 60 % of the Himalayan fauna is composed by locally endemic species. Comparative biogeographical analyses (species similarity, parsimony analysis of endemism) and species' phylogeny reveal evidence to hypothesize two principal centres of endemism in the Himalaya: a north-western centre and a south-eastern centre. 9) Beside numerous newly discovered species, the cladistic analyses result in the following preliminary taxonomic conclusions: Cycloserica Reitter, 1896 (= Leucoserica Reitter, 1896 syn. n.); Maladera (Cycloserica) arenicola (Solsky, 1876) comb. n.; Nipponoserica Nomura, 1972 (= Pseudosericania Kobayashi, 1980 syn. n.), Amiserica antennalis (Nomura, 1974) comb. n., Xenoserica gen. n., Xenoserica sindhensis (Ahrens, 2000) comb. n., X. pindarensis (Ahrens, 2000) comb. n.1) Um die phylogenetische Stellung der Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) zu bestimmen, wurden kladistische Analysen durchgeführt, wobei Taxa der meisten �traditionellen� Unterfamilien koprophager und phytophager Scarabaeidae eingeschlossen wurden. Dabei wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die Sericini und die maikäferartigen Entwicklungslinien gelegt. Verschiedene bislang wenig studierte Merkmale des Exoskeletts wurden dafür vergleichend untersucht, so zum Beispiel die Basis der Elytren, das Hinterflügelgeäder, die Mundwerkzeuge, die Endosternite, die Hüftgelenke und die ektodermalen Genitalorgane. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse unterstützen stark die Monophylie der �Orphninen- Gruppe� \+ der "Melolonthinen-Gruppe". Dieser Zweig wurde als Schwestergruppe der "Aphodiinen-Linie" identifiziert, welche hier Aphodius + Copris einschließt. Die �Melolonthinen-Gruppe� besteht aus zwei wesentlichen Zweigen, unter Einschluss der Euchirinae, Rutelinae und Dynastinae, die zusammen in einem der Zweige vereint sind ("Melolonthinen-Gruppe I"). Melolonthini, Cetoniinae und Rutelinae sind monophyletisch, während die Melolonthinae und Pachydemini paraphyletisch erscheinen. Sericini + Ablaberini wurden als Schwestertaxa in der Analyse identifiziert, gemeinsam innerhalb des Zweiges der "Melolonthinen-Gruppe II" positioniert. Da Taxa dieses Zweiges sind hauptsächlich in der Südhemisphäre verbreitet, könnte man annehmen, dass die Sericini + Ablaberini von einer dieser südlichen Linien abgeleitet sind. Es wäre plausibel, dass die Stammart von Sericini + Ablaberini und Athlia durch einen Vikarianz-Ereignis getrennt wurden, wie zum Beispiel die Trennung der afrikanischen Platte vom Rest von Gondwana. Sericini und Ablaberini haben wahrscheinlich dann während des frühen Tertiärs eine starke evolutive Entwicklung vollzogen, mit der Ausbreitung von Taxa mindestens einer basaler Linie der Sericini nach Südamerika. 2) Die Sericini stellen eine monophyletische Gruppe dar, die sich auf folgenden Apomorphien begründet: (1) vestigiales (9.) Sternit beim Spiculum gastrale fehlt; (2) kranialer Fortsatz des Spiculum gastrale fadenförmig, sehr dünn und rundlich im Querschnitt; (3) Glandulae accessoriae münden in einem gemeinsamen Kanal und Porus zur Vagina; (4) basales Ostium der Phallobasis klein; und (5) Metacoxa vergrößert. 3) Um die Muster der Diversifikation der Sericini im Himalaya zu ergründen, wurden acht hypothetische monophyletische Gruppen mittels kladistischer Analyse untersucht: Anomalophylla, Calloserica, Lasioserica/ Amiserica, Maladera (subgenus Omaladera), Maladera (subgenus Cycloserica), Serica, Sericania und Xenoserica gen. n./ Nipponoserica. Das Himalaya-Gebiet wird als geographische Einheit behandelt, die ein System fast paralleler Gebirgsketten umfasst und sich von Nord Burma im Osten fast nach Afghanistan im Westen erstreckt (etwa zwischen 72° und 91° O und 27° und 36°N). 4) Alle Sericini des Himalaya können einer distalen Entwicklungslinie ("moderne" Sericini) zugeordnet werden, die die folgenden abgeleiteten Merkmalszustände gemeinsam haben: craniolateraler Rand des Mesosternum mit einer Leiste zum Arm der Mesofurca und die anteriore Analader (AA) der Ala spitz geknickt. 5) Die gefundenen phylogenetischen Hypothesen zeigen bei Gruppen mit ähnlicher vertikaler und horizontaler Verbreitung kongruente Muster. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die vertikale und horizontale Verbreitung von elementarer Bedeutung für den Genfluss, Ausbreitungskapazität und die Möglichkeit der Besetzung neuer Habitate/ Gebiete sind. Bei Taxa der niedrigen montanen Stufe größere distale Zweige sind auf den Himalaya beschränkt, (z. B. bei Omaladera oder Lasioserica). Unter den montanen Entwicklungslinien können die Diversifikationsmuster wie folgt allgemein charakterisiert werden: (A) Diversifikation xerophiler Formen in den Steppenwäldern des Nordwest-Himalaya (Sericania), mit wahrscheinlichem Kontakt zu den Ostasiatischen Linien über das nördliche Tibet, welcher mit der weiteren Erhebung und Aridisierung sowie die Verstärkung des Monsuns unterbrochen wurde. (B) Multiple Radiationsereignisse der Himalaya-Sericini am Südabhang des Himalaya unter den Taxa der feuchteren Gebiete des Himalaya, so zum Beispiel bei Calloserica, Omaladera oder Lasioserica, was durch kongruente kumulative Areale der distaler Zweige der Arten unterstützt wird. Die Tatsache, dass eine große Zahl diverser Gruppen von Sericinen eine starke Diversifikation am Südabhang vollzogen haben, führt zu der Annahme, dass die Präsenz von Bergketten mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften, wie sie gegenwärtig am Himalaya-Südabhang angetroffen werden, Ausgangspunkt der Radiationsprozesse sind. Ähnliche Muster bei der Diversifikation resultieren aus den vorläufigen kladistischen Analysen von Microserica, Nepaloserica und Oxyserica. (C) Wie aus der Phylogenie der Serica-Arten ersichtlich wird, zeigen größere distale Zweige dieser Arten der mittleren und oberen montanen Stufe eine stärkere Beziehung mit den Bergregionen des östlichen Tibets. Das würde bedeuten, dass flugfähige Organismen der mittleren und oberen montanen Stufe in der Gegenwart und/oder der Vergangenheit bessere Möglichkeiten zur Ausbreitung entlang und über die hohen Bergketten des Himalaya oder des östlichen Tibets hatten. (D) Diversifikation am östlichen Rand des Tibetischen Hochlands, mit (relativ rezenter) Arealerweiterung nach Nordosten und Westen entlang des Tsang Po (Anomalophylla). (E) Die meisten Arten des Tieflandes und der kollinen Stufe des Himalaya sind Taxa mit ausgedehnten Arealen, die hier ihre Verbreitungsgrenze besitzen. Dazu gehören Arten des Himalayanisch - Indochinesischen oder des Himalayanisch - Indischen Chorotypes. Unter diesen Formen haben nur wenige monophyletische Linien im Himalaya ausgebildet, wie z. B. die Taxa von Maladera (subgenus Cycloserica). Für sie weisen die Ergebnisse der kladistischen Analyse auf einen separierenden Effekt des tertiären Alpin- Himalayanischen Orogens hin. Es wird postuliert, dass zwei Cycloserica existierten, bevor sie sich in die beiden getrennten Gebiete, den nördlichen indischen Subkontinent (Himalaya) und das Tiefland von Mittelasien, ausbreiteten. 6) Das Vorkommen zahlreicher basaler Linien im Himalaya darüber hinaus führen zu der Annahme, dass der Himalaya in den vergangenen geologischen Epochen auch als "Refugium" fungierte, indem klimatische Fluktuationen durch eine vertikale / und möglicherweise auch horizontale) Umverteilung der Orobiome zu puffern vermochte. Diese "Refugien" können zu bestimmen topographischen Strukturen in besonderer Beziehung, wie zum Beispiel großen Durchbruchstälern, stehen, wie anhand der Analyse von Xenoserica gezeigt werden konnte. Gegenwärtig in ihrer Verbreitung stark begrenzte Vorkommen basaler Taxa (Lasioserica, Serica) können als Relikte einer einst weiteren Verbreitung interpretiert werden. Die Taxa dieser basalen Linien sind vermutlich zum großen Teil in Folge der Konkurrenz durch die stark radiierenden jüngeren Linien verdrängt worden. 7) Aus der Lage der gegenwärtigen Areale eng verwandter Arten im zentralen Himalaya kann mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auf allopatrischen Speziation geschlossen werden. Bei weiter östlich verbreiteten Arten ist dieses Muster weniger deutlich ausgeprägt, wo ein großer Teil der nah verwandten Arten sympatrisch vorkommen. Diese beiden alternativen Hypothesen werden mit einiger Sicherheit durch den klimatischen Gradienten im Himalaya von Ost nach West bedingt, der die Region mindestens seit dem Einsetzen des Monsunklimas prägt. 8) Etwa 60 % der Fauna des Himalaya besteht aus lokalen Endemiten. Vergleichende biogeographische Untersuchungen (Artenidentität, Parsimonie Analyse des Endemismus) und die Phylogenie der Arten sind die Basis zur Annahme von zwei Endemismus-Zentren im Himalaya: ein nordwestliches und ein südöstliches Zentrum. 9) Neben zahlreichen neu entdeckten Arten, resultieren aus den phylogenetischen Untersuchungen folgende vorläufige taxonomische Schlussfolgerungen: Cycloserica Reitter, 1896 (= Leucoserica Reitter, 1896 syn. n.); Maladera (Cycloserica) arenicola (Solsky, 1876) comb. n.; Nipponoserica Nomura, 1972 (= Pseudosericania Kobayashi, 1980 syn. n.), Amiserica antennalis (Nomura, 1974) comb. n., Xenoserica gen. n., Xenoserica sindhensis (Ahrens, 2000) comb. n., X. pindarensis (Ahrens, 2000) comb. n

TEMPERATURAS LIMITE PARA SECAGEM DE SEMENTES DE AVEIA BRANCA

The white oats come being south as option for the winter sowing, having demand for seeds. On the other hand, the technician-scientific informations are reduced, particularly, in relation to the drying operation. Like this the objective were to study the white oat seeds sensibility in relation to the high drying temperatures and to verify the water loss rate in the artificial drying. Three experiments were conducted in the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Ponta Grossa PR, Brazil. In Ocotober of 1997 the experiment 1 was established in oven to evaluate maximum drying temperature for the white oat seeds, cultivar UFRGS 14, without harming the physiological quality. In November of 1997, the experiments 2 and 3 were driven in a commercial dryer, starting from the preliminaries temperatures limits results obtained in the experiment 1. In the experiment 2, the air-drying temperatures were initially low and increasing later, that should allow the fastest seeds drying without affecting physiological quality. In the experiment 3 the seed drying started with elevated high air temperatures. In all experiments, the seed water content was determined during the drying operation by 105ºC + 3ºC oven method. The white oat industrial quality was determined by the industrial performance, unshelled and broken grains, soon after the drying. The seed physiological quality was evaluate by the germination, seedling vigor classification, accelerated aging, speed and field emergency tests, immediately after the drying and six months of storage (latent damages). The conclusions were: the maximum stationary air drying temperature, wihtout forced of air ventilation, is a 55ºC for white oat seeds; the white oat seeds vigor is affected bye superior temperatures for 55ºC, although the germination doesnt suffer damages in the drying, even with higher temperatures; temperatures of up to 80ºC in the drying air dont affect in an immediate way the white oat seeds physiologic and industrial qualities; in the intermittent drying the white oat seeds drying curve is represented by a first degree equation; temperatures of up to 80ºC in the beginning of the drying dont affect the white oat seeds germination and industrial quality immediately after the drying, but it provide latent damages to its physiological quality.A aveia branca vem sendo procurada como opção para a semeadura de inverno, havendo demanda por sementes. Por outro lado, as informações técnico-científicas são reduzidas, particularmente, em relação à operação de secagem. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a sensibilidade das sementes de aveia branca em relação às altas temperaturas de secagem e verificar o comportamento da velocidade de perda de água na secagem artificial. Para tanto, foram conduzidos três experimentos, no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Ponta Grossa-PR. Em outubro de 1997, o experimento 1 foi estabelecido em estufa procurando avaliar a máxima temperatura de secagem suportável pelas sementes de aveia branca UFRGS 14, sem prejudicar a qualidade fisiológica. Em novembro de 1997, foram conduzidos os experimentos 2 e 3, em um secador comercial, a partir dos resultados preliminares de temperaturas limites obtidos no experimento 1. No experimento 2 foram empregadas temperaturas do ar de secagem, inicialmente baixas e depois crescentes, que deveriam permitir a secagem mais rápida das sementes sem afetar a qualidade fisiológica. No experimento 3 a secagem das sementes foi iniciada com temperaturas elevadas no ar de secagem. Nos três experimentos, o teor de água das sementes foi monitorado pelo método da estufa a 105ºC +- 3ºC durante a operação de secagem. A qualidade industrial da aveia branca foi determinada pelo rendimento industrial, pelo percentual de grãos descascados e quebrados e logo após a secagem. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, classificação do vigor da plântula, envelhecimento artificial, velocidade de emergência das plântulas e percentagem de emergência em campo, imediatamente a pós a secagem e aos seis meses de armazenamento (danos latentes). As conclusões foram as seguintes: a temperatura máxima da secagem estacionária, sem ventilação forçada de ar, para sementes de aveia branca é de 55ºC; o vigor das sementes de aveia branca é prejudicado por temperaturas superiores a 55ºC, embora a germinação não sofra prejuízos na secagem, mesmo com temperaturas de até 67ºC; temperaturas de até 80ºC no ar de secagem não influenciam de forma imediata as qualidades fisiológica e industrial de sementes de aveia branca; na secagem intermitente a curva de secagem de sementes de aveia branca é representada por uma equação de primeiro grau; temperaturas do ar de até 80ºC no início da secagem não afetam a germinação das sementes e a qualidade industrial de aveia branca imediatamente após a secagem, mas proporcionam danos latentes à sua qualidade fisiológica

Zur Identität der aus Madagaskar beschriebenen Autoserica stupida Brenske, 1900 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericini).

Eine Revision des Typenmaterials der von Madagaskar beschriebenen Autoserica-Arten bestätigte die artliche Übereinstimmung von Autoserica stupida Brenske, 1900 mit der orientalischen Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898). Die folgenden neuen Synonyme und Kombinationen wurden festgestellt: Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898) comb. n. (= Neoserica apogonoides Brenske, 1898, syn. n., = Autoserica stupida Brenske, 1900, syn. n., = Neoserica sumatrensis Brenske, 1898, syn. n., = Neoserica pavieana Brenske, 1899, syn. n.), Maladera detersa (Erichson, 1834) comb. n. Die systematische Position und aktuelle Verbreitung der Arten wird diskutiert. Für M. detersa (Erichson) wird ein Lectotypus festgelegt.StichwörterColeoptera, Scarabaeidae, Sericini, Madagaskar, Oriental region, new synonymy, new combinations, distribution.Nomenklatorische Handlungenstupida Brenske, 1900 (Autoserica), syn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)detersa (Erichson, 1834) (Maladera), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Serica detersastraba (Brenske, 1898) (Maladera), comb. n. hitherto Autoserica strabaapogonoides Brenske, 1898 (Neoserica), syn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)pavieana Brenske, 1899 (Neoserica), syn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)sumatrensis Brenske, 1898 (Neoserica), sysn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)A revision of the type material of species described as Autoserica Brenske, 1897 from the Malagasy region confirmed the conspecificity of Autoserica stupida Brenske, 1900 with the Oriental species Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898) comb. n. The following four new synonyms and two new combinations are established: Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898) comb. n. (= Neoserica apogonoides Brenske, 1898, syn. n., = Autoserica stupida Brenske, 1900, syn. n., = Neoserica sumatrensis Brenske, 1898, syn. n., = Neoserica pavieana Brenske, 1899, syn. n.), Maladera detersa (Erichson, 1834) comb. n. The systematic position and distribution of the species are discussed. A lectotype is designated for M. detersa (Erichson).KeywordsColeoptera, Scarabaeidae, Sericini, Madagaskar, Oriental region, new synonymy, new combinations, distribution.Nomenclatural Actsstupida Brenske, 1900 (Autoserica), syn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)detersa (Erichson, 1834) (Maladera), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Serica detersastraba (Brenske, 1898) (Maladera), comb. n. hitherto Autoserica strabaapogonoides Brenske, 1898 (Neoserica), syn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)pavieana Brenske, 1899 (Neoserica), syn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898)sumatrensis Brenske, 1898 (Neoserica), sysn. n. of Maladera straba (Brenske, 1898

Vorgehensmodell zur Modellierung, Strukturierung und objektiven Bewertung von Software-Architekturen in der Fahrerassistenz

Die Komplexität von E/E-Systemen und damit auch deren Anteil an der Wertschöpfung im Automobil nimmt beständig zu. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für Fahrerassistenzsysteme mit ihrer hohen Vernetzung und langen, zum Teil sicherheitskritischen Wirkketten. Die vorliegende Arbeit fokussiert auf die Entwicklung der Software-Anteile von Fahrerassistenzsystemen und berücksichtigt dabei ausdrücklich auch nicht-funktionale Einflussgrößen und Anforderungen. Als wichtigster Stellhebel wird dabei die explizite Modellierung von Software-Architektur identifiziert. Auf Basis eines vorhandenen in der Serienentwicklung etablierten Vorgehensmodells werden signifikante Änderungen und Erweiterungen vorgeschlagen, die eine formale und durchgängige Modellierung von Software-Architektur ermöglichen. Das Herzstück bildet die Abstrakte Automotive Software-Architektur (ABSOFA), welche eine eigenständige Modellierungssprache definiert, um Software-Architekturen in der Automobil-Domäne frühzeitig im Entwicklungsprozess und vollständig realisierungsunabhängig zu beschreiben. Über ein zentrales Datenmodell können automatisierte (Modell-)Transformationen in unterschiedliche Werkzeuge und zwischen unterschiedlichen Abstraktionsebenen beziehungsweise Prozessschritten durchgeführt werden. Ergänzt wird dieses zielgerichtete und effiziente Vorgehen um ein Verfahren zur objektiven Software-Architekturbewertung mit Hilfe von quantifizierten Metriken. Darüber hinaus wird ausführlich diskutiert wie Software-Architekturen in der Fahrerassistenz konkret zu strukturieren sind, um den besonderen Anforderungen dieses Fachbereichs gerecht zu werden. Dies erfolgt am realen Beispiel von heutigen Fahrerassistenzsystemen der Längsführung. Die bestehende Software-Architektur wird analysiert und neu strukturiert. Das dient gleichzeitig als Evaluierung der zuvor genannten Ansätze unter Bedingungen der Serienentwicklung. An einem konkreten Fallbeispiel der Implementierung eines Fahrerassistenzsystems werden zum Abschluss die Vorteile der neuen Struktur eindeutig aufgezeigt

Temperaturas limite para secagem de sementes de aveia branca

A aveia branca vem sendo procurada como opção para a semeadura de inverno, havendo demanda por sementes. Por outro lado, as informações técnico-científicas são reduzidas, particularmente, em relação à operação de secagem. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a sensibilidade das sementes de aveia branca em relação às altas temperaturas de secagem e verificar o comportamento da velocidade de perda de água na secagem artificial. Para tanto, foram conduzidos três experimentos, no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Ponta Grossa - PR. Em outubro de 1997, o experimento 1 foi estabelecido em estufa procurando avaliar a máxima temperatura de secagem suportável pelas sementes de aveia branca UFRGS 14, sem prejudicar a qualidade fisiológica. Em novembro de 1997, foram conduzidos os experimentos 2 e 3, em um secador comercial, a partir dos resultados preliminares de temperaturas limites obtidos no experimento 1. No experimento 2 foram empregadas temperaturas do ar de secagem, inicialmente baixas e depois crescentes, que deveriam permitir a secagem mais rápida das sementes sem afetar a qualidade fisiológica. No experimento 3 a secagem das sementes foi iniciada com temperaturas elevadas no ar de secagem. Nos três experimentos, o teor de água das sementes foi monitorado pelo método da estufa a 105°C +- 3°C durante a operação de secagem. A qualidade industrial da aveia branca foi determinada pelo rendimento industrial, pelo percentual de grãos descascados e quebrados, logo após a secagem. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, classificação do vigor da plântula, envelhecimento artificial, velocidade de emergência das plântulas e percentagem de emergência em campo, imediatamente após a secagem e aos seis meses de armazenamento (danos latentes). As conclusões foram as seguintes: a temperatura máxima da secagem estacionária, sem ventilação forçada de ar, para sementes de aveia branca é de 55°C; o vigor das sementes de aveia branca é prejudicado por temperaturas superiores a 55°C, embora a germinação não sofra prejuízos na secagem, mesmo com temperaturas de até 67°C; temperaturas de até 80°C no ar de secagem não influenciam de forma imediata as qualidades fisiológica e industrial de sementes de aveia branca; na secagem intermitente a curva de secagem de sementes de aveia branca é representada por uma equação de primeiro grau; temperaturas do ar de até 80°C no início da secagem não afetam a germinação das sementes e a qualidade industrial de aveia branca imediatamente após a secagem, mas proporcionam danos latentes à sua qualidade fisiológic

A monograph on the genus Tetraserica from the Indochinese region (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Sericini)

In this monograph on the Indochinese species of Tetraserica Ahrens, 2004 all species distributed in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, and mainland Malaysia are covered as well as those of the Indian province Mizoram. From this revision, the following new combinations result: Tetraserica gressitti (Frey, 1972), comb. n., T. laotica (Frey, 1972), comb. n., T. satura (Brenske, 1898), comb. n., T. sejugata (Brenske, 1898), comb. n., T. siantarensis (Moser, 1922), comb. n., T. spinicrus (Frey, 1972), comb. n., T. vietnamensis (Frey, 1969), comb. n., and T. wapiensis (Frey, 1972), comb. n. Two new synonyms were found: Tetraserica midoriae Kobayashi, 2017 (syn. n.) = T. laotica (Frey, 1972); T. graciliforceps Liu et al. 2014 (syn. n.) = T. satura (Brenske, 1898). The lectotypes of Tetraserica gestroi (Brenske, 1898), T. miniatula (Moser, 1915), and T. siantarensis (Moser, 1922) are designated. 116 Tetraserica species were recorded from Indochina, among which 88 new species are described: Tetraserica allochangshouensis sp. n., T. allomengeana sp. n., T. allosejugata sp. n., T. angkorthomensis sp. n., T. angkorwatensis sp. n., T. appendiculata sp. n., T. auriculata sp. n., T. bachmaensis sp. n., T. banhuaipoensis sp. n., T. bansanpakiana sp. n., T. bolavensensis sp. n., T. breviforceps sp. n., T. cattienensis sp. n., T. champassakana sp. n., T. constanti sp. n., T. cucphongensis sp. n., T. curviforceps sp. n., T. desalvazzai sp. n., T. doiphukhaensis sp. n., T. doipuiensis sp. n., T. doisuthepensis sp. n., T. dongnaiensis sp. n., T. falciforceps sp. n., T. falciformis sp. n., T. feresiantarensis sp. n., T. filiforceps sp. n., T. fulleri sp. n., T. phukradungensis sp. n., T. geiserae sp. n., T. giulianae sp. n., T. infida sp. n., T. jakli sp. n., T. khaosoidaoensis sp. n., T. kiriromensis sp. n., T. koi sp. n., T. kollae sp. n., T. konchurangensis sp. n., T. kontumensis sp. n., T. loeiensis sp. n., T. lucai sp. n., T. microfurcata sp. n., T. microspinosa sp. n., T. multiangulata sp. n., T. nahaeoensis sp. n., T. nakaiensis sp. n., T. namnaoensis sp. n., T. neouncinata sp. n., T. nonglomensis sp. n., T. nussi sp. n., T. olegi sp. n., T. pahinngamensis sp. n., T. pailinensis sp. n., T. parasetuliforceps sp. n., T. paratonkinensis sp. n., T. petrpacholatkoi sp. n., T. phatoensis sp. n., T. phoupaneensis sp. n., T. pluriuncinata sp. n., T. pseudoliangheensis sp. n., T. pseudoruiliensis sp. n., T. pseudouncinata sp. n., T. quadriforceps sp. n., T. quadrifurcata sp. n., T. rihai sp. n., T. romae sp. n., T. rubrithorax sp. n., T. sapana sp. n., T. semidamadiensis sp. n., T. semipingjiangensis sp. n., T. semiruiliensis sp. n., T. semishanensis sp. n., T. setuliforceps sp. n., T. shanensis sp. n., T. smetsi sp. n., T. margheritae sp. n., T. soppongana sp. n., T. spanglerorum sp. n., T. spinotibialis sp. n., T. subrotundata sp. n., T. tanahrataensis sp. n., T. thainguyensis sp. n., T. trilobiforceps sp. n., T. ululalatensis sp. n., T. umphangensis sp. n., T. vari sp. n., T. veliformis sp. n., T. vientianeensis sp. n., and T. xiengkhouangensis sp. n. A key to the Indochinese Tetraserica species is given and distributions as well as the habitus and male genitalia of all species are illustrated

MMP-9 Concentration in Peritoneal Fluid Is a Valuable Biomarker Associated with Endotoxemia in Equine Colic

The purpose of the study was to compare the results of sepsis scoring (clinical examination and clinical pathology) to the concentrations of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2, -8, and -9; tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) -1 and -2; and inflammatory chemokines interleukin (IL) 1 beta and tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in plasma and peritoneal fluid of equine colic patients. A modified sepsis scoring including general condition, heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, mucous membranes, white blood cell count (WBC), and ionized calcium was applied in 47 horses presented with clinical signs of colic. Using this scoring system, horses were classified as negative (n=32, = 10/19 points) for sepsis. MMPs, TIMPs, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha concentrations were evaluated in plasma and peritoneal fluid using species-specific sandwich ELISA kits. In a linear discriminant analysis, all parameters of sepsis scoring apart from calcium separated well between sepsis severity groups (P113 ng/ml in the peritoneal fluid was found to be the ideal cutoff to identify positive sepsis scoring (>= 10/19 points; sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 82.9%). In conclusion, MMP-9 was found to be a biomarker of high diagnostic value for sepsis and endotoxemia in equine colic. The evaluation of peritoneal fluid seems preferable in comparison to plasma. As abdominocentesis is commonly performed in the diagnostic work-up of equine colic, a pen-side assay would be useful and easy-to-perform diagnostic support in the decision for therapeutic intervention

An Intraoral OCT Probe to Enhanced Detection of Approximal Carious Lesions and Assessment of Restorations

Caries, the world’s most common chronic disease, remains a major cause of invasive restorative dental treatment. To take advantage of the diagnostic potential of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in contemporary dental prevention and treatment, an intraorally applicable spectral-domain OCT probe has been developed based on an OCT hand-held scanner equipped with a rigid 90°-optics endoscope. The probe was verified in vitro. In vivo, all tooth surfaces could be imaged with the OCT probe, except the vestibular surfaces of third molars and the proximal surface sections of molars within a 'blind spot' at a distance greater than 2.5 mm from the tooth surface. Proximal surfaces of 64 posterior teeth of four volunteers were assessed by intraoral OCT, visual-tactile inspection, bitewing radiography and fiber-optic transillumination. The agreement in detecting healthy and carious surfaces varied greatly between OCT and established methods (18.2–94.7%), whereby the established methods could always be supplemented by OCT. Direct and indirect composite and ceramic restorations with inherent imperfections and failures of the tooth-restoration bond were imaged and qualitatively evaluated. The intraoral OCT probe proved to be a powerful technological approach for the non-invasive imaging of healthy and carious hard tooth tissues and gingiva as well as tooth-colored restorations