Distribución de la brioflora en el gradiente vertical (suelo-dosel) y la selectividad de habitats en Tarapacá (Amazonas, Colombia)

En los diferentes tipos de paisaje del corregimiento de Tarapacá (Amazonas-Colombia) se estudió la distribución vertical de los briófitos sobre los forofítos, encontrándose que alrededor del 41% de las especies son exclusivas del dosel y el 35% exclusivas del sotobosque. Además, se analiza la selectividad de las especies de briófitos por diferentes tipos de hábitats (base de tronco, corteza baja, corteza alta, ramas bajas, ramas altas, epífilos, roca, hojarasca, suelo y troncos caídos en descomposición) y sus formas de crecimiento. En todos los tipos de paisaje, la selectividad de la brioflora fue mayor sobre la corteza baja de los árboles y los hábitats del dosel (hojas y ramas del dosel a más de 18 m de altura sobre el suelo), con las formas de crecimiento más comunes (felpas lisas, felpas rugosas e hilos) y el mayor número de especies (especialistas y/o generalistas). Los resultados obtenidos para Tarapacá, fueron comparados con otras regiones similares.In the different types of landscape of Tarapacá (Amazonas-Colombia) the vertical distribution of the bryophytes was studied, being found that around 41% of the species are exclusive of the canopy and 35% exclusive of the understory. Furthermore, there is analyzed the selectivity of the bryophytes species for different types of habitats (trunk, low bark, high bark, low branches, high branches, foliicolous, rocks, soil and rotten trunks fallen down) and their growth forms. In all the landscape types, the selectivity of the bryophytes was greater for the low bark and the habitats of the canopy (leaves and canopy branches more than 18m high), with the more common growth forms (smooth mats, rough mats and threads) and the larger number of species („Specialist“ o „Generalist“). The results obtained for Tarapacá were compared with other similar regions

Líquenes corticícolas en el caribe colombiano

Se documentó la composición de la flora liquénica corticícola de cinco localidades de la región Caribe colombiana, tres de tierras bajas (planicies) y dos de tierras altas (macizos montañosos). Se encontraron 348 morfoespecies de líquenes corticícolas, basadas en 950 ejemplares, de las cuales 215 se determinaron a nivel de especie y 62 a género (debido a la ausencia de estructuras reproductivas o a la carencia de trabajos taxonómicos). El resto de las especies (71) constituyó un grupo líquenes costrosos estériles que carecen de caracteres específicos para su identificación. Se encontraron 115 registros nuevos para Colombia, la mayoría de especies son registros nuevos para las áreas de estudio. El número total de especies para la región Caribe, incluyendo los estudios previos de macrolíquenes y líquenes foliícolas, se estimó en aproximadamente 400

Ensayos de bioestimulación algal con diferentes relaciones nitrógeno: fósforo bajo condiciones de laboratorio

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento del alga Chlorella vulgaris ante diferentes concentraciones de nitrógeno y fósforo, a través de ensayos de bioestimulación en una cámara ambiental. Las variables respuesta fueron la densidad algal y la turbidez, evaluadas por conteo en una cámara de Neubauer y por espectrofotometría, empleando un equipo NOVA 60.Para los ensayos de bioestimulación se utilizó el medio de cultivo Estándar Métodos, sugerido por APHA, AWWA (1995) con diferentes concentraciones de nitrógeno y de fósforo. En general, se concluyó que la bioestimulación del crecimiento de Chlorella vulgaris depende de la relación estequiométrica entre el nitrógeno y el fósforo. En síntesis, cuando el fósforo se hace menos limitante se presentó una mayor tasa de crecimiento poblacional. Sin embargo, el nitrógeno es también esencial y ambos nutrientes no pueden ser analizados independientemente. Por lo tanto, el aumento o la disminución de las concentraciones de estos nutrientes en los ambientes acuáticos deben ser estudiados conjuntamente a través de sus relaciones estequiométricas

Evaluation of the carbapenem inactivation method (CIM) for detecting carbapenemase activity in enterobacteria

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the CIM test in the detection of carbapenemase activity in 124 strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Methods A panel of 124 previously characterized Enterobacteriaceae was tested: 77 strains producing the following carbapenemase families: KPC (n = 14), GES (n = 22), NDM (n = 19), VIM (n = 4), IMP (n = 4) and OXA-48 (n = 14) and 47 non-carbapenemase producers. For the CIM method, an active susceptibility meropenem disc was exposed to a bacterial suspension of a test strain; when a carbapenemase is produced, the antibiotic is inactivated allowing uninhibited growth of an indicator strain after overnight incubation. A clear inhibition zone (?20 mm) was considered indicative of no-carbapenemase activity. Results All KPC, NDM, VIM, IMP or OXA-48 producing strains were unequivocally detected with the CIM test. CIM false negative results were obtained with eleven Enterobacter cloacae producing GES-6. Two other E. cloacae not producing carbapenemase (one with SHV-12, one hyperproducing AmpC) were positive by the test. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay compared to those of molecular methods were 85.7% and 95.7%, respectively. Conclusions The CIM method proved to be inexpensive and easy to interpret. It provided less than optimal results in the detection of GES-6 activity

Study of strawberry flavored milk under pulsed electric field processing

Few studies exist on flavored milk processed by pulsed electric fields (PEF). The main concern is product stability. This study aimed to analyze the degradation of coloring agent Allura Red in strawberry milk under PEF. Four systems were tested containing Allura Red: two commercial milks and two model systems. PEF conditions were 40 kV/cm, 48 pulses (2.5 μs), and 55 °C; coloring agent was quantified via RP-HPLC. After processing, only minor changes were observed in color, Allura Red concentration, and pH. During storage (32 d) at refrigerated conditions (4 °C) commercial samples maintained pH above 6. Model systems dropped below pH 6 after 10 days of storage. Color of samples showed important decrease in a⁎; hue angle and chroma changed during storage. HPLC analysis reported a bi-phasic effect in Allura Red concentrations versus time. Concentration changed, reaching a maximum value during the middle of storage, possibly attributed to microbial growth, pH reduction, or interaction of proteins. However, PEF affected the stability of Allura Red in milk when additional ingredients were not added to the product

Study of strawberry flavored milk under pulsed electric field processing

Few studies exist on flavored milk processed by pulsed electric fields (PEF). The main concern is product stability. This study aimed to analyze the degradation of coloring agent Allura Red in strawberry milk under PEF. Four systems were tested containing Allura Red: two commercial milks and two model systems. PEF conditions were 40 kV/cm, 48 pulses (2.5 μs), and 55 °C; coloring agent was quantified via RP-HPLC. After processing, only minor changes were observed in color, Allura Red concentration, and pH. During storage (32 d) at refrigerated conditions (4 °C) commercial samples maintained pH above 6. Model systems dropped below pH 6 after 10 days of storage. Color of samples showed important decrease in a⁎; hue angle and chroma changed during storage. HPLC analysis reported a bi-phasic effect in Allura Red concentrations versus time. Concentration changed, reaching a maximum value during the middle of storage, possibly attributed to microbial growth, pH reduction, or interaction of proteins. However, PEF affected the stability of Allura Red in milk when additional ingredients were not added to the product

Factores asociados al incremento en el uso de la metodología enfermera en Atención Primaria

Introduction: Indicators show a sustained increase in the use of nursing methodology (NM) in the Health Complex in Tenerife.Aim: to identify the factors that may be associated with this growth.Methods and materials: Retrospective analytical study. Area of study: patients with a computerised record of health. Subjects of the study numbered 609,688. Data analysis was performed from March 2005 to February 2010. Measurements: these were analysed monthly for each Basic Health Area (BHA) and measured the relative frequency of records with functional health patterns, (PFS), NANDA diagnoses, NOC objectives and NIC interventions. An NM global index was constructed from the mean value of the indicators and growth was calculated over the 60 months studied. Other variables measured included users of nursing consultations; quotas; patient load; non programmed consultations; consultations from other areas; home visits; presence of link nursing in the BHA; training and assessment in ME in the BHA; computer time. Data processing: variables were summarised as median (P5-P95) due to the non normal distribution. The correlation índex-ME growth and each variable was estimated using the Spearman non parametric linear correlation coefficient. Comparisons were made with the Mann-Whitney U test. All tests were significant at 5%.Results: Findings show a greater percentage of health records with ME and greater monthly growth when computerisation in the area was longer; when the percentage of users of nursing consultancies was higher; when the number of home visits was higher; when patient load was greater; when quotas were smaller; when consultations from other areas were lower. There was a higher percentage of medical records with ME and greater monthly growth in BHAs with ME assessment programme and in areas with ECE.Conclusions: Increased use of ME in the BHA in Tenerife is associated to each of the factors considered in different direction and size.Introducción: Se observa un incremento sostenido en los indicadores de empleo de la Metodología enfermera (ME) en el Área de Salud de Tenerife.Objetivo: Identificar los factores que pudieran asociarse a este crecimiento.Material y métodos: Estudio analítico retrospectivo. Ámbito de estudio: Pacientes con historia de salud informatizada. Los sujetos del estudio fueron 609688. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo en el periodo temporal marzo de 2005 a febrero de 2010. Mediciones: Se analizaron, para cada Zona Básica de Salud (ZBS) y mensualmente, la frecuencia relativa de historias con Patrones funcionales de salud (PFS), diagnósticos NANDA, objetivos NOC e intervenciones NIC. Se construyó un índice global de ME con el valor medio de estos indicadores y se calculó el crecimiento a lo largo de los 60 meses a estudio. Se midieron también otras variables: utilizadores de consultas de enfermería; volumen del cupo; presión asistencial; consultas fuera de agenda prevista; consultas de otras zonas; visitas a domicilio; presencia de enfermería de enlace (ECE) en la ZBS; formación-asesoramiento en ME en la ZBS; tiempo de informatización. Procesamiento de datos: Las variables se resumieron como mediana (P5-P95) debido a su distribución no normal. La correlación entre índice-crecimiento ME y cada variable se estimó utilizando el coeficiente de correlación lineal no paramétrica de Spearman. Las comparaciones se realizaron con la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Todas las pruebas a un 5% de significación estadística.Resultados: Se comprobó un mayor porcentaje de historias de salud con ME así como un mayor crecimiento mensual: a mayor tiempo de informatización en la zona; a mayor porcentaje de utilizadores de consultas deenfermería; a mayor número de visitas a domicilio; a mayor presión asistencial; a menor volumen de cupo; a menor porcentaje de consultas de otras zonas. Igualmente se comprobó mayor porcentaje de historias de salud con ME y mayor crecimiento mensual en las ZBS formadas con un programa de asesoramiento en ME así como en las zonas con ECE.Conclusiones: El incremento en el empleo de la ME en las ZBS de Tenerife se asocia a cada uno de los factores considerados, en diferente sentido y magnitud

mcr-Colistin resistance genes mobilized by IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 plasmids in Escherichia coli of pigs and white stork in Spain

Colistin has become the last-line antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales in human medicine. To date, several colistin resistance genes have been described. Of them mcr-1 is disseminated worldwide in Escherichia coli of human and animal origin. The aim of this study was to characterize mcr-mediated resistance plasmids from E. coli of animal origin in Spain. From our strain collection, 70 E. coli of pig origin collected between 2005 and 2014 (10 per year, except for years 2009-2010-2013) were randomly selected and screened for the presence of mcr-genes. Additionally, 20 E. coli isolated in 2011 from white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from the same urban household waste landfill associated colony were also included. Whole genome sequencing of mcr-positive isolates was carried out on a MiSeq (Illumina). Hybrid whole genome sequencing strategy combining nanopore and Illumina technologies were performed in a selection of isolates to close the genomes and plasmids and identify the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used to assess the susceptibility to colistin. Mating experiments were carried out to evaluate transferability of the mcr-genes. A total of 19 mcr-1 and one mcr-4 positive isolates were detected, 15 from pigs distributed during the study period, and five from storks collected in 2011. No other mcr-variants were found. The MICs for colistin ranged between 4 and >4 mg/L. High diversity of STs were detected among the mcr-1 positive E. coli isolates, with only ST-10 shared between pigs and white storks. Except for one isolate, all were genotypic and phenotypically MDR, and five of them also harbored cephalosporin resistance genes (bla CTX-M- 14, bla SHV- 12, and three bla CMY- 2). mcr-1 genes were mobilizable by conjugation, associated with IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 plasmids. In our study, mcr-1 genes have been circulating in pig farms since 2005 harbored by a variety of E. coli clones. Its persistence may be driven by co-selection since plasmids containing mcr-1 also exhibit resistance to multiple drugs used in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, this is the first report of the presence of mcr-1 gene in isolates from white storks in Spain. This finding highlights the potential importance of wildlife that forage at urban household waste landfills in the transmission and spread of colistin resistance genes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ensayos de bioestimulación algal con diferentes relaciones nitrógeno: fósforo bajo condiciones de laboratorio

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento del alga Chlorella vulgaris ante diferentes concentraciones de nitrógeno y fósforo, a través de ensayos de bioestimulación en una cámara ambiental. Las variables respuesta fueron la densidad algal y la turbidez, evaluadas por conteo en una cámara de Neubauer y por espectrofotometría, empleando un equipo NOVA 60.Para los ensayos de bioestimulación se utilizó el medio de cultivo Estándar Métodos, sugerido por APHA, AWWA (1995) con diferentes concentraciones de nitrógeno y de fósforo. En general, se concluyó que la bioestimulación del crecimiento de Chlorella vulgaris depende de la relación estequiométrica entre el nitrógeno y el fósforo. En síntesis, cuando el fósforo se hace menos limitante se presentó una mayor tasa de crecimiento poblacional. Sin embargo, el nitrógeno es también esencial y ambos nutrientes no pueden ser analizados independientemente. Por lo tanto, el aumento o la disminución de las concentraciones de estos nutrientes en los ambientes acuáticos deben ser estudiados conjuntamente a través de sus relaciones estequiométricas

mcr -Colistin Resistance Genes Mobilized by IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 Plasmids in Escherichia coli of Pigs and White Stork in Spain

Colistin has become the last-line antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales in human medicine. To date, several colistin resistance genes have been described. Of them mcr -1 is disseminated worldwide in Escherichia coli of human and animal origin. The aim of this study was to characterize mcr -mediated resistance plasmids from E. coli of animal origin in Spain. From our strain collection, 70 E. coli of pig origin collected between 2005 and 2014 (10 per year, except for years 2009-2010-2013) were randomly selected and screened for the presence of mcr -genes. Additionally, 20 E. coli isolated in 2011 from white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from the same urban household waste landfill associated colony were also included. Whole genome sequencing of mcr -positive isolates was carried out on a MiSeq (Illumina). Hybrid whole genome sequencing strategy combining nanopore and Illumina technologies were performed in a selection of isolates to close the genomes and plasmids and identify the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used to assess the susceptibility to colistin. Mating experiments were carried out to evaluate transferability of the mcr -genes. A total of 19 mcr -1 and one mcr -4 positive isolates were detected, 15 from pigs distributed during the study period, and five from storks collected in 2011. No other mcr -variants were found. The MICs for colistin ranged between 4 and >4 mg/L. High diversity of STs were detected among the mcr-1 positive E. coli isolates, with only ST-10 shared between pigs and white storks. Except for one isolate, all were genotypic and phenotypically MDR, and five of them also harbored cephalosporin resistance genes (bla , bla , and three bla ). mcr -1 genes were mobilizable by conjugation, associated with IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 plasmids. In our study, mcr -1 genes have been circulating in pig farms since 2005 harbored by a variety of E. coli clones. Its persistence may be driven by co-selection since plasmids containing mcr -1 also exhibit resistance to multiple drugs used in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, this is the first report of the presence of mcr -1 gene in isolates from white storks in Spain. This finding highlights the potential importance of wildlife that forage at urban household waste landfills in the transmission and spread of colistin resistance genes