29 research outputs found

    Reporte de un brote de infecci贸n por SARS-CoV-2 por transmisi贸n a茅rea: evidencia epidemiol贸gica y molecular

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    Introduction: It has been shown that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs mainly by air, and the risk of infection is greater in closed spaces. Objective: Describe the epidemiology, virology and molecular characterization of a COVID-19 outbreak at a closed vaccination point during the third wave of SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia. Materials and methods: Diagnostic tests, interviews, sampling, cell cultures and viral sequencing were carried out, the latter being molecular characterization and lineage identification. Results: Seven workers were positive for SARS-CoV-2; among these, 3 samples were analyzed, plus an additional sample belonging to the mother of the presumed index case; all samples were identified with lineage B.1.625, with a maximum of 2 nucleotides difference between them. Conclusions: Variant B.1.625 was identified as the cause of the COVID-19 outbreak, and a co-worker was also identified as the index case. Unexpectedly, attending a vaccination day became a risk factor for acquiring the infection.Introducci贸n. Se ha demostrado que la transmisi贸n de SARS-CoV-2 se da principalmente por v铆a a茅rea y el riesgo de infecci贸n es mayor en espacios cerrados con alta concentraci贸n de personas; este 煤ltimo factor se present贸 en algunos de los puestos de vacunaci贸n de la ciudad de Medell铆n. Objetivo. Describir la epidemiolog铆a, virolog铆a y caracterizaci贸n molecular de un brote de COVID-19 en un punto de vacunaci贸n cerrado durante la tercera ola de SARS-CoV-2 en Colombia. Materiales y m茅todos. Se realizaron test diagn贸sticos, entrevistas, toma de muestras, aislamiento viral y secuenciaci贸n gen贸mica. Con esta 煤ltima se realiz贸 caracterizaci贸n molecular e identificaci贸n de linaje. Resultados. Siete trabajadores fueron positivos para SARS-CoV-2, y de estos, tres muestras fueron secuenciadas, m谩s una muestra adicional perteneciente a la madre del presunto caso 铆ndice. Todas las muestras fueron identificadas con el linaje B.1.625, con un m谩ximo de 2 nucle贸tidos de diferencia entre ellas. Conclusiones. Se identific贸 la variante B.1.625 como la causante del brote de COVID-19, y tambi茅n un compa帽ero de trabajo fue identificado como el caso 铆ndice. De forma imprevista, asistir a una jornada de vacunaci贸n se convirti贸 en un factor de riesgo para adquirir la infecci贸n

    Genetic associations of the vitamin D and antiviral pathways with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection are influenced by interpopulation variability

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    Vitamin D (VitD) may modulate anti-HIV-1 responses modifying the risk to acquire the HIV-1-infection. We performed a nested case-control exploratory study involving 413 individuals; HIV-1-exposed seropositives (cases) and seronegatives (HESN) (controls) from three cohorts: sexually-exposed from Colombia and Italy and parenterally-exposed from Spain. The association and interactions of 139 variants in 9 VitD pathway genes, and in 14 antiviral genes with resistance/susceptibility (R/S) to HIV-1 infection was evaluated. Associations between variants and mRNA levels were also analyzed in the Colombian samples. Variants and haplotypes in genes of VitD and antiviral pathways were associated with R/S, but specific associations were not reproduced in all cohorts. Allelic heterogeneity could explain such inconsistency since the associations found in all cohorts were consistently in the same genes: VDR and RXRA of the VitD pathway genes and in TLR2 and RNASE4. Remarkably, the multi-locus genotypes (interacting variants) observed in genes of VitD and antiviral pathways were present in most HESNs of all cohorts. Finally, HESNs carrying resistance-associated variants had higher levels of VitD in plasma, of VDR mRNA in blood cells, and of ELAFIN and defensins mRNA in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, despite allelic heterogeneity, most likely due to differences in the genetic history of the populations, the associations were locus dependent suggesting that genes of the VitD pathway might act in concert with antiviral genes modulating the resistance phenotype of the HESNs. Although these associations were significant after permutation test, only haplotype results remained statistically significant after Bonferroni test, requiring further replications in larger cohorts and functional analyzes to validate these conclusions.This work was supported by Departamento administrativo de ciencia, tecnolog铆a e innovaci贸n de Colombia, COLCIENCIAS (grant no. 111549326091); Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Colombia (sostenibilidad); Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia (code INV1900); Consejer铆a de Salud de la Junta de Andaluc铆a (PI-0335/2009, PI-0118-2013, PI-0481-2012, and AC-0095-2013), Gilead (GLDL13-00145), the Ministerio de Sanidad (EC11-2086, PI021476, and PI10/01232), the Red de Investigaci贸n en SIDA (ISCIII-RETIC RD06/006 and RD12/0017), the Fundaci贸n Marat贸n TV3 (020730 and 020732) and the Universidad de Ja茅n (UJA2013/10/03 and UJA2013/08/12)

    Caracterizaci贸n inmunol贸gica de un grupo familiar colombiano con infecci贸n por SARS-CoV-2

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    Introduction: Immunological markers have been described during COVID-19 and persist after recovery. These immune markers are associated with clinical features among SARSCoV-2 infected individuals. Nevertheless, studies reporting a comprehensive analysis of the immune changes occurring during SARS-CoV-2 infection are still limited.Objective: To evaluate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, the antibody response, and the phenotype and function of NK cells and T cells in a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection.Materials and methods: Proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA. The frequency, phenotype, and function of NK cells (cocultures with K562 cells) and T-cells (stimulated with spike/RdRp peptides) were assessed by flow cytometry. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined using indirect immunofluorescence and plaque reduction neutralization assay.Results: During COVID-19, we observed a high proinflammatory-cytokine production and a reduced CD56bright-NK cell and cytotoxic response. Compared with healthy controls, infected individuals had a higher frequency of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells CD38+HLA-DR-. During the acute phase, CD8+ T cells stimulated with viral peptides exhibited a monofunctional response characterized by high IL-10 production. However, during recovery, we observed a bifunctional response characterized by the co-expression of CD107a and granzyme B or perforin.Conclusion: Although the proinflammatory response is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection, other phenotypic and functional alterations in NK cells and CD8+ T cells couldbe associated with the outcome of COVID-19. However, additional studies are required to understand these alterations and to guide future immunotherapy strategies.Introducci贸n. Se han descrito diferentes marcadores inmunol贸gicos durante la COVID-19, los cuales persisten incluso despu茅s de la convalecencia y se asocian con los estadios cl铆nicos de la infecci贸n. Sin embargo, a煤n son pocos los estudios orientados al an谩lisis exhaustivo de las alteraciones del sistema inmunol贸gico en el curso de la infecci贸n.Objetivo. Evaluar la producci贸n de citocinas proinflamatorias, la reacci贸n de anticuerpos, y el fenotipo y la funci贸n de las c茅lulas NK y los linfocitos T en una familia colombiana con infecci贸n por SARS-CoV-2.Materiales y m茅todos. Se evaluaron las citocinas proinflamatorias mediante RT-PCR y ELISA; la frecuencia, el fenotipo y la funci贸n de las c茅lulas NK (en cocultivos con c茅lulas K562) y linfocitos T CD8+ (estimulados con p茅ptidos spike/RdRp) mediante citometr铆a de flujo, y los anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2, mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta y prueba de neutralizaci贸n por reducci贸n de placa.Resultados. Durante la COVID-19 hubo una producci贸n elevada de citocinas proinflamatorias, con disminuci贸n de las c茅lulas NK CD56bright y reacci贸n citot贸xica. Comparados con los controles sanos, los individuos infectados presentaron con gran frecuencia linfocitos T CD8+ disfuncionales CD38+HLA-DR-. Adem谩s, en los linfocitos T CD8+ estimulados con p茅ptidos virales, predomin贸 una reacci贸n monofuncional con gran producci贸n de IL-10 durante la fase aguda y una reacci贸n bifuncional caracterizada por la coexpresi贸n de CD107a y granzima B o perforina durante la convalecencia.Conclusi贸n. Aunque la reacci贸n inflamatoria caracteriza la infecci贸n por SARS-CoV-2, hay otras alteraciones fenot铆picas y funcionales en c茅lulas NK y linfocitos T CD8+ que podr铆an asociarse con la progresi贸n de la infecci贸n. Se requieren estudios adicionales para entender estas alteraciones y guiar futuras estrategias de inmunoterapia

    High expression of antiviral proteins in mucosa from individuals exhibiting resistance to human immunodeficiency virus

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    ABSTARCT: Several soluble factors have been reported to have the capacity of inhibiting HIV replication at different steps of the virus life cycle, without eliminating infected cells and through enhancement of specific cellular mechanisms. Yet, it is unclear if these antiviral factors play a role in the protection from HIV infection or in the control of viral replication. Here we evaluated two cohorts: i) one of 58 HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who were compared with 59 healthy controls (HCs), and ii) another of 13 HIV-controllers who were compared with 20 HIV-progressors. Peripheral blood, oral and genital mucosa and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) samples were obtained to analyze the mRNA expression of ELAFIN, APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, TRIM5伪, RNase 7 and SerpinA1 using real-time PCR. RESULTS: HESNs exhibited higher expression of all antiviral factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), oral or genital mucosa when compared with HCs. Furthermore, HIV-controllers exhibited higher levels of SerpinA1 in GALT. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the activity of these factors is compartmentalized and that these proteins have a predominant role depending on the tissue to avoid the infection, reduce the viral load and modulate the susceptibility to HIV infection

    High transcript levels of vitamin D receptor are correlated with higher mRNA expression of human beta defensins and IL-10 in mucosa of HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals

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    RESUMEN: La vitamina D (VitD) es un inmunomodulador end贸gena que podr铆a proteger de la infecci贸n por VIH-1 la reducci贸n de la activaci贸n inmune y la inducci贸n de la expresi贸n de VIH-1 anti-p茅ptidos. Para establecer una correlaci贸n entre VitD y resistencia natural a la infecci贸n VIH-1, un estudio de casos y controles utilizando sangre y mucosa muestras de 58 VIH-1 expuesto, pero seronegativos (HESN) individuos , 43 VIH-1 seropositivos (SP) y 59 no controles sanos -exposed (HCS) se llev贸 a cabo. La concentraci贸n VitD en el plasma se determin贸 por ELISA, y de ARNm de unidades relativas (RU) de VDR, IL-10 , TGF-尾, TNF-伪 e IL-1尾 en las c茅lulas mononucleares de sangre perif茅rica (PBMCs), oral y genital mucosa se cuantific贸 por QRT-PCR. mRNA niveles de humana beta -defensin (HBD) -2 y -3 se inform贸 anteriormente y utilizados para correlaciones. Significativamente m谩s altos niveles de VitD se encontraron en plasma, as铆 como mayor mRNA RU de VDR en PBMCs, y en genital mucosa de HESN en comparaci贸n con HC. Adem谩s, superior mRNA RU de TNF-伪, IL-1尾 y IL-10 , e inferior mRNA RU de TGF-尾 se encontraron en PBMC de HESNs en comparaci贸n con HC. Tambi茅n se observ贸 mayor IL-10 mRNA RU en genital mucosa de HESNs en comparaci贸n con HC, y los ARNm de los niveles de TNF-伪 en oral y genital mucosa de SPs est谩bamos m谩s alta en comparaci贸n con HESNs. Por otra parte, las correlaciones positivas entre VDR y la IL-10 mRNA RU en PBMCs y genital mucosa encontrados de HESNs. Por 煤ltimo, HBD-2 y HBD-3 ARNm RU fueron positivamente correlacionadas con VDR mRNA expresi贸n en forma oral mucosa de HESNs. Estos resultados sugieren que los altos niveles de VitD y su receptor est谩n asociadas con resistencia natural a la infecci贸n por VIH-1. Sobre regulaci贸n de los anti-inflamatoria IL-10 , y la inducci贸n de anti-VIH-1 defensinas en la mucosa podr铆a ser parte de los mecanismos implicados en esta asociaci贸n. Sin embargo, se necesitan m谩s estudios para definir las asociaciones causales.ABSTRACT: Vitamin D (VitD) is an endogenous immunomodulator that could protect from HIV-1 infection reducing immune activation and inducing the expression of anti-HIV-1 peptides. To establish a correlation between VitD and natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, a case-control study using blood and mucosa samples of 58 HIV-1-exposed but seronegative (HESN) individuals, 43 HIV-1 seropositives (SPs) and 59 non-exposed healthy controls (HCs) was carried out. The VitD concentration in plasma was determined by ELISA, and mRNA relative units (RU) of VDR, IL-10, TGF-尾, TNF-伪 and IL-1尾 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), oral and genital mucosa was quantified by qRT-PCR. mRNA levels of human beta-defensin (HBD) -2 and -3 were previously reported and used for correlations. Significantly higher levels of VitD were found in plasma as well as higher mRNA RU of VDR in PBMCs, and in genital mucosa from HESN compared to HCs. In addition, higher mRNA RU of TNF-伪, IL-1尾 and IL-10, and lower mRNA RU of TGF-尾 were found in PBMC from HESNs compared to HCs. We also observed higher IL-10 mRNA RU in genital mucosa of HESNs compared to HCs, and the mRNA levels of TNF-伪 in oral and genital mucosa of SPs were higher compared to HESNs. Furthermore, positive correlations between VDR and IL-10 mRNA RU in PBMCs and genital mucosa of HESNs were found. Finally, HBD-2 and HBD-3 mRNA RU were positively correlated with VDR mRNA expression in oral mucosa from HESNs. These results suggest that high levels of VitD and its receptor are associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10, and the induction of anti-HIV-1 defensins in mucosa might be part of the mechanisms involved in this association. However, further studies are required to define causal associations

    Participaci贸n de las c茅lulas Th17 en la patogenia de la infecci贸n por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana de tipo 1 Th17 cells involvement in the pathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1

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    La infecci贸n por el VIH-1 se caracteriza por la eliminaci贸n de linfocitos T CD4+, particularmente en la mucosa gastrointestinal, que favorece la traslocaci贸n microbiana y la hiperactivaci贸n inmunitaria, principal mecanismo patog茅nico en esta infecci贸n. Las c茅lulas Th17 son una subpoblaci贸n proinflamatoria de linfocitos CD4+, que producen IL-17, IL-21 e IL-22, y son importantes en la respuesta antimicrobiana, principalmente en el sistema gastrointestinal, donde promueven la restauraci贸n de la mucosa. Aunque su eliminaci贸n se ha asociado con progresi贸n de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1 y por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia de los simios, y han sido descritas como delet茅rea en autoinmunidad. Su papel en la patogenia de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1 no est谩 claramente establecido. Considerando su capacidad funcional, las c茅lulas Th17 podr铆an tener un impacto dual, dependiendo de la fase de la infecci贸n en que se encuentre el individuo. Actualmente, hay m谩s informaci贸n que sugiere que estas c茅lulas tienen un papel ben茅fico al promover la recuperaci贸n de la mucosa intestinal y disminuir la traslocaci贸n microbiana, as铆 como la hiperactivaci贸n inmunitaria. Sin embargo, su papel patog茅nico, particularmente promoviendo la replicaci贸n viral mediante la producci贸n de citocinas proinflamatorias, no debe descartarse. En esta revisi贸n, se presentan los datos cient铆ficos disponibles del efecto de las c茅lulas Th17 en la patogenia de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1.<br>HIV-1 infection is characterized by a gradual decrease of the immunological competence and a massive depletion of CD4+ T cells, particularly in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which leads to microbial translocation, contributing to immune hyperactivation, the main pathogenic mechanism during HIV-1 infection. Th17 cells are a proinflammatory CD4+ T cell subset, which produce IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 and play a pivotal role in host defense, mainly in the gastrointestinal tissue, where they promote antimicrobial responses and gut mucosa restoration. Although Th17 depletion is a hallmark of the progression of the simian and human immunodeficiency viral infections and they have been involved in the pathogenic process in some autoimmune diseases, the role of these cells during HIV-1 infection is not completely understood. Considering their functional potential, Th17 cells could have a dual role, depending on the stage of HIV infection a patient has reached. Currently, most evidence suggests that Th17 cells have a beneficial role by promoting gut mucosa recovery, preventing microbial translocation and decreasing immune hyperactivation. However, the pathogenic role of these cells, particularly, increasing viral replication through the production of inflammatory cytokines should not be ruled out. In this review, scientific evidence regarding the role of Th17 on the pathogenesis of HIV infection is discussed

    Expresi贸n diferencial en placenta de beta-defensinas humanas y detecci贸n de variantes al茅licas en el gen DEFB1 de madres positivas para VIH-1

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    Introduction. Low infection rates in neonates born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers highlight the existence of natural defense mechanisms in the maternal-fetal interface. Human beta defensins (HBDs) inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro and their variants are associated with HIV-1 resistance/susceptibility.Objective. Levels of HBD mRNA expression in placentas were obtained from seropositive and healthy mothers to determine whether HIV-1 infection induces anti-viral factors.Materials and methods. HBD-1, -2 and -3 transcripts were quantified by real time RT-PCR, and A692G/G1654A/A1836G variants in the DEFB1 gene were evaluated by sequencing.Results. Transcript levels of HBD-1 were significantly higher, and those of HBD-3 were lower in placenta from seropositive mothers compared to controls. Additionally, simultaneous presence of the A692G A/G and A1836G G/G genotypes was associated with high expression of HBD-1 in all populations and the A692G variant in babies born to seropositive mothers was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium.Conclusion. Contrasting results in levels of HBDs were probably due to viral stimuli and suggest that HIV-1 induce a differential expression of HBDs in placenta and these proteins could be involved in protecting against HIV-1 at least early in pregnancy. However, it was not possible to associate these findings directly with protection against HIV-1 vertical transmission since none of the newborn infants became infected.Introducci贸n. Las bajas tasas de infecci贸n en neonatos nacidos de madres seropositivas para el VIH-1 resaltan la existencia de mecanismos de defensa natural en la interfase materno-fetal. Las beta-defensinas humanas inhiben la replicaci贸n del VIH-1 in vitro y sus polimorfismos est谩n asociados con la resistencia o susceptibilidad al VIH-1.Objetivo. Comparar los niveles de expresi贸n de ARNm de beta-defensinas humanas en placentas de madres seropositivas y en seronegativas para determinar si la infecci贸n por VIH-1 induce factores antivirales que pudieran proteger a los beb茅s de la transmisi贸n del VIH-1.Materiales y m茅todos. Los transcritos de HBD-1, 2 y 3 se cuantificaron por PCR en tiempo real y las variantes A692G/G1654A/A1836G del gen DEFB1 se evaluaron por secuenciaci贸n.Resultados. Los niveles de transcritos de HBD-1 fueron significativamente mayores, y los de HBD-3 fueron menores en placentas de madres seropositivas en comparaci贸n con los controles. Adem谩s, la presencia simult谩nea de los genotipos A692G A/G y A1836G G/G se asoci贸 con alta expresi贸n de HBD-1 en toda la poblaci贸n estudiada y la variante A692G estuvo en desequilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg en los beb茅s nacidos de madres seropositivas.Conclusi贸n. Los resultados contrastantes de los niveles de HBD se deben, probablemente, a est铆mulos virales y sugieren que el VIH-1 induce una expresi贸n diferencial de beta-defensinas humanas en placenta y que estas prote铆nas podr铆an estar involucradas en la protecci贸n contra el VIH-1, al menos, en las etapas tempranas del embarazo. Sin embargo, no fue posible asociar estos hallazgos con la protecci贸n contra la transmisi贸n vertical del VIH-1, puesto que ninguno de los beb茅s adquiri贸 la infecci贸n

    Differential expression of human beta defensins in placenta and detection of allelic variants in the DEFB1 gene from HIV-1 positive mothers.

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    Low infection rates in neonates born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers highlight the existence of natural defense mechanisms in the maternal-fetal interface. Human beta defensins (HBDs) inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro and their variants are associated with HIV-1 resistance/susceptibility.0000-0002-7351-8738wildeman.zapatab@campusucc.edu.c

    Participaci贸n de la vitamina D en la patog茅nesis de la infecci贸n por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1

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    ResumenLa vitamina D (VitD), adem谩s de su papel en el metabolismo mineral, tiene funciones inmunomoduladoras y podr铆a participar activamente en la fisiopatog茅nesis de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1; sin embargo, la evidencia cient铆fica en este campo es limitada y controvertida. La VitD tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias que podr铆an disminuir la hiperactivaci贸n inmunol贸gica, reduciendo el da帽o asociado a este fen贸meno; adem谩s, promueve la expresi贸n de p茅ptidos con actividad anti-VIH-1, sustentando su papel protector. En contraste, la VitD activa el promotor del VIH-1 y podr铆a potenciar la replicaci贸n del virus; adicionalmente, algunas variantes al茅licas en el gen del receptor de la VitD, que aumentan su funci贸n, se han asociado con susceptibilidad al VIH-1.Esta revisi贸n presenta evidencia cient铆fica sobre el efecto de la v铆a de la VitD en la patog茅nesis de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1, dada las implicaciones de este t贸pico en la identificaci贸n de nuevos blancos terap茅uticos en esta infecci贸n.AbstractBeyond its role in mineral metabolism, vitamin D (VitD) has immunomodulatory functions and can actively participate in the physiopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection; however, scientific evidence in this field is limited and controversial. VitD has anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce immune hyperactivation, decreasing the damage associated with this phenomenon. It also promotes the expression of antimicrobial peptides with anti-HIV-1 activity, supporting its protective role. In contrast, VitD activates the HIV-1 promoter and can increase viral replication. Furthermore, a number of allelic variants in the vitamin D receptor gene, which increase its function, have been associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Given the implications of this topic for the identification of new therapeutic targets in HIV infection, this review presents scientific evidence on the effect of the VitD pathway in HIV-1 pathogenesis

    Participaci贸n de la vitamina D en la patog茅nesis de la infecci贸n por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1

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    La vitamina D (VitD), adem谩s de su papel en el metabolismo mineral, tiene funciones inmunomoduladoras y podr铆a participar activamente en la fisiopatog茅nesis de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1; sin embargo, la evidencia cient铆fica en este campo es limitada y controvertida. La VitD tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias que podr铆an disminuir la hiperactivaci贸n inmunol贸gica, reduciendo el da帽o asociado a este fen贸meno; adem谩s, promueve la expresi贸n de p茅ptidos con actividad anti-VIH-1, sustentando su papel protector. En contraste, la VitD activa el promotor del VIH-1 y podr铆a potenciar la replicaci贸n del virus; adicionalmente, algunas variantes al茅licas en el gen del receptor de la VitD, que aumentan su funci贸n, se han asociado con susceptibilidad al VIH-1. Esta revisi贸n presenta evidencia cient铆fica sobre el efecto de la v铆a de la VitD en la patog茅nesis de la infecci贸n por el VIH-1, dada las implicaciones de este t贸pico en la identificaci贸n de nuevos blancos terap茅uticos en esta infecci贸n
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