Reconocimiento de actividad microbiana en ambientes silicoclásticos actuales y en paleoambientes. Estudio comparativo para el establecimiento de análogos.

En este estudio se presenta la comparación de depósitos de ambientes silicoclásticos actuales con los correspondientes al Pleistoceno-Holoceno del SE de la costa bonaerense donde se ha reconocido actividad microbiana en los sedimentos. Se comparan las diversas características sedimentológicas de las acumulaciones, entre ellas la fábrica, granulometría, composición mineralógica, presencia de microorganismos o rasgos derivados y estructuras sedimentarias. El objetivo del trabajo es comprender el paleoambiente, la ocurrencia de los mecanismos de formación que actuaron en el pasado y su relación con el marco ambiental donde se han producido mediante evidencias biosedimentarias en comparación con análogos actuales. En el ambiente actual del estuario de Bahía Blanca y el costero marginal de Paso Seco se han identificado diversas estructuras sedimentarias inducidas por actividad microbiana, generadas por los procesos hidrodinámicos propios de la planicie supramareal donde se encuentran. También se han estudiado depósitos asociados a la presencia de actividad microbiana del Pleistoceno tardío en el sector costero de la Reserva Paleoicnológica de Pehuen Có, y del Holoceno temprano-medio en los sitios arqueológicos La Olla 3 y 4 y Monte Hermoso 1. En los primeros se ha verificado la preservación de huellas de mega-mamíferos extintos y aves con notable calidad y en los segundos se ha comprobado una excelente conservación de restos óseos, vegetales y de pisadas humanas. Además de la observación directa de estructuras sedimentarias, fábrica sedimentaria y otros rasgos texturales se han llevado a cabo diferentes análisis que permitieron corroborar la existencia de actividad microbiana en los sedimentos. Entre ellos se han realizado análisis microscópicos, petrográficos y de rayos X. Las observaciones y micrografías realizadas en microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB) han permitido la identificación de la relación de los sedimentos con microorganismos, reconociendo la presencia de SEP (sustancias poliméricas extracelulares) y de minerales autigénicos como la pirita. Los análisis de secciones delgadas bajo microscopio petrográfico, han permitido la comparación de la fábrica entre depósitos actuales y de los paleoambientes asociado a la presencia de cianobacterias. Los análisis de rayos X permitieron determinar minerales autigénicos como calcita, calcita magnesiana y dolomita. Los resultados del trabajo permiten reconocer las características distintivas de los depósitos asociados a la presencia de actividad microbiana. Entre ellas se destaca la identificación de laminación de espesor milimétrico a centimétrico, que es la característica más sobresaliente de la presencia de microorganismos, reconocida como biolaminación, tanto en visión macroscópica como en secciones delgadas. Se reconocieron estructuras sedimentarias relacionadas con el metabolismo bacteriano (que involucran procesos de crecimiento, de decaimiento, etc.), el efecto impermeabilizante del biofilm, de plasticidad y cohesividad. Se documentaron estructuras microbianas como respuesta a los procesos físicos reinantes y se reconoció la importancia de las matas microbianas en la preservación de icnitas por medio de la litificación temprana

Analysis of lithic artifacts from Arroyo Seco 2 (Interserrana Area, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Petrographic identification and possible provisioning sources

En este trabajo se exponen los resultados obtenidos del análisis petrográfico realizado sobre 21 muestras de artefactos líticos confeccionados sobre diversas materias primas recuperadas en estratigrafía en el sitio Arroyo Seco 2 (partido de Tres Arroyos, provincia de Buenos Aires). Los fechados radiocarbónicos sitúan a las ocupaciones humanas desde el Pleistoceno final hasta el Holoceno tardío. Los estudios realizados señalan que las rocas analizadas provienen de distintos afloramientos primarios y secundarios de la subregión Pampa Húmeda, situados en diferentes sectores de las sierras de Ventana, Tandilia, en la cuenca de Claromecó (área Interserrana) y en los depósitos de la costa Atlántica. Estos datos sirvieron para corroborar y profundizar por un lado las características litológicas de las rocas explotadas en el sitio, y por otro lado las propuestas sobre el origen, selección, modos de aprovisionamiento y trayectorias de circulación llevadas a cabo por los grupos para la obtención de las distintas rocas desde el Pleistoceno tardío.This article presents the results of the petrographic analysis conducted on 21 samples of lithic artifacts manufactured on several raw materials and recovered from the stratigraphic context in Arroyo Seco 2 site (Tres Arroyos locality, Buenos Aires province). Several radiocarbon dates place the human occupations from the final Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. Our studies indicate that the analyzed rocks come from different outcrops of the Humid Pampas subregion. These sources are both primary and secondary, and are located in various sectors of the Ventania and Tandilia hill ranges, the Claromecó basin (Interserrana area), and the Atlantic coast. Our data corroborate and deepen the knowledge about the lithological characteristics of the rocks used at the site, as well as the origin, selection, provisioning, and circulation trajectories of the rocks since the Late Pleistocene

Archaeological research in the middle Uruguay River basin. Contributions for the characterization of the paleoenvironmental scenarios during the Late Holocene

El presente trabajo se centra en la discusión de los recientes resultados arqueológicos alcanzados en ambas márgenes del litoral (oriental y occidental) de la cuenca media del río Uruguay. Mediante la realización de trabajos sistemáticos de campo y del análisis de múltiples líneas de evidencias se ha generado información novedosa sobre la distribución de los vestigios arqueológicos en el paisaje, las tecnologías líticas y alfareras prehispánicas, la cronología de las ocupaciones y la evolución del paisaje durante el Cuaternario reciente. El objetivo principal de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el área es actualizar y contribuir al conocimiento de la evolución sociocultural de las poblaciones que ocuparon los litorales fluviales del sur de Sudamérica. Los restos culturales recuperados en las recientes investigaciones desarrolladas en el sector, nos permiten consolidar la caracterización del área como área-soporte de distribución de materiales e ideas, circulación y consumo de materiales culturales durante el Holoceno tardío. En tanto que a partir de nuevos análisis estratigráficos, sedimentológicos, microbiológicos y cronológicos implementados en diferentes secuencias depositacionales fluviales, aportamos resultados para caracterizar la dinámica paleoambiental y paleoclimática dominante durante ese lapso en la cuenca Paraná-Uruguay.This paper focuses on the assessment of recent data recovered in both margins of the middle Uruguay River basin. The new information was generated from fieldwork and laboratory analyses concerning the spatial distribution of lithic, pottery and other archaeological remains, chronological data, and fluvial landform evolution. This research aims to update our knowledge of fluvial human adaptations in Southern South America. The recovered cultural materials allowed us to support the characterization of the area as a node of distribution of objects and ideas, and of circulation and consumption of cultural materials during Late Holocene. We also contribute to the characterization of the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic dynamics in the Paraná-Uruguay basin through the interpretation of sedimentological, microbiological, and chronological data from the fluvial sedimentary sequences developed during the Late Holocene

Risk factors for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: an international matched case-control-control study (EURECA)

Cases were patients with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), complicated intraabdominal (cIAI), pneumonia or bacteraemia from other sources (BSI-OS) due to CRE; control groups were patients with infection caused by carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales (CSE), and by non-infected patients, respectively. Matching criteria included type of infection for CSE group, ward and duration of hospital admission. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Findings Overall, 235 CRE case patients, 235 CSE controls and 705 non-infected controls were included. The CRE infections were cUTI (133, 56.7%), pneumonia (44, 18.7%), cIAI and BSI-OS (29, 12.3% each). Carbapenemase genes were found in 228 isolates: OXA-48/like, 112 (47.6%), KPC, 84 (35.7%), and metallo-beta-lactamases, 44 (18.7%); 13 produced two. The risk factors for CRE infection in both type of controls were (adjusted OR for CSE controls; 95% CI; p value) previous colonisation/infection by CRE (6.94; 2.74-15.53; <0.001), urinary catheter (1.78; 1.03-3.07; 0.038) and exposure to broad spectrum antibiotics, as categorical (2.20; 1.25-3.88; 0.006) and time-dependent (1.04 per day; 1.00-1.07; 0.014); chronic renal failure (2.81; 1.40-5.64; 0.004) and admission from home (0.44; 0.23-0.85; 0.014) were significant only for CSE controls. Subgroup analyses provided similar results. Interpretation The main risk factors for CRE infections in hospitals with high incidence included previous coloni-zation, urinary catheter and exposure to broad spectrum antibiotics

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended genome-wide association meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3255 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12 488 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a ~0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism that creates two highly differentiated haplotypes and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative including non-Caucasian individuals, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.S.E.H. and C.A.S. partially supported genotyping through a philanthropic donation. A.F. and D.E. were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and COVID-19 grant Research (BMBF; ID:01KI20197); A.F., D.E. and F.D. were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). D.E. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). D.E., K.B. and S.B. acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). T.L.L., A.T. and O.Ö. were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. M.W. and H.E. are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, ‘Genes, Environment and Inflammation’. L.V. received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute (RF-2016-02364358), Italian Ministry of Health ‘CV PREVITAL’—strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ‘REVEAL’; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘Ricerca corrente’, Fondazione Sviluppo Ca’ Granda ‘Liver-BIBLE’ (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘5permille’ ‘COVID-19 Biobank’ (RC100017A). A.B. was supported by a grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: ‘Bio-banking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by an MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program ‘Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022’. This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP (The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol) IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). M.M. received research funding from grant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)-Una manera de hacer Europa’). B.C. is supported by national grants PI18/01512. X.F. is supported by the VEIS project (001-P-001647) (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ‘A way to build Europe’). Additional data included in this study were obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. A.J. and S.M. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). A.J. was also supported by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The Basque Biobank, a hospital-related platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government’s Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. M.C. received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). M.R.G., J.A.H., R.G.D. and D.M.M. are supported by the ‘Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100) and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón’s team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’. J.C.H. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. E.S. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no. 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). P.K. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). O.A.C. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—CECAD, EXC 2030–390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. K.U.L. is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. F.H. was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to A.R. from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to A.R. P.R. is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). F.T. is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). C.L. and J.H. are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). T.B., M.M.B., O.W. und A.H. are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. M.A.-H. was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. E.C.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).Peer reviewe

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended GWAS meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3,260 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12,483 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a highly pleiotropic ∼0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.Andre Franke and David Ellinghaus were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KI20197), Andre Franke, David Ellinghaus and Frauke Degenhardt were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). David Ellinghaus was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). David Ellinghaus, Karina Banasik and Søren Brunak acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). Tobias L. Lenz, Ana Teles and Onur Özer were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. Mareike Wendorff and Hesham ElAbd are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, "Genes, Environment and Inflammation". This project was supported by a Covid-19 grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; ID: 01KI20197). Luca Valenti received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF2016-02364358, Italian Ministry of Health ""CV PREVITAL – strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ""REVEAL""; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""Ricerca corrente"", Fondazione Sviluppo Ca' Granda ""Liver-BIBLE"" (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""5permille"" ""COVID-19 Biobank"" (RC100017A). Andrea Biondi was supported by the grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: "Biobanking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by a MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program "Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022". This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP. IGTP is part of the CERCA Program / Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIIIMINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). Marta Marquié received research funding from ant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIIISubdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-Una manera de hacer Europa").Beatriz Cortes is supported by national grants PI18/01512. Xavier Farre is supported by VEIS project (001-P-001647) (cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way to build Europe”). Additional data included in this study was obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, EIT COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. Antonio Julià and Sara Marsal were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). Antonio Julià was also supported the by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the FEDER. The Basque Biobank is a hospitalrelated platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government's Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. Mario Cáceres received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). Manuel Romero Gómez, Javier Ampuero Herrojo, Rocío Gallego Durán and Douglas Maya Miles are supported by the “Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100), and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón's team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), "Instituto de Salud Carlos III". Jan Cato Holter reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. Dr. Solligård: reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). Philipp Koehler has received non-financial scientific grants from Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).Oliver A. Cornely is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – CECAD, EXC 2030 – 390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Genotyping was performed by the Genotyping laboratory of Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. Kerstin U. Ludwig is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. Frank Hanses was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to Alfredo Ramirez from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to Alfredo Ramirez. Philip Rosenstiel is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). Florian Tran is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). Christoph Lange and Jan Heyckendorf are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). Thorsen Brenner, Marc M Berger, Oliver Witzke und Anke Hinney are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. Marialbert Acosta-Herrera was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Eva C Schulte is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).N

Aberrant epigenome in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's disease patients

The epigenomic landscape of Parkinson's disease () remains unknown. We performed a genomewide methylation and a transcriptome studies in induced pluripotent stem cell ()-derived dopaminergic neurons (n) generated by cell reprogramming of somatic skin cells from patients with monogenic 2-associated (L2) or sporadic (), and healthy subjects. We observed extensive methylation changes in n, and of expression, which were common in L2 and . No significant methylation differences were present in parental skin cells, undifferentiated s nor -derived neural cultures not-enriched-in-n. These findings suggest the presence of molecular defects in somatic cells which manifest only upon differentiation into the n cells targeted in . The methylation profile from n, but not from controls, resembled that of neural cultures not-enriched-in-n indicating a failure to fully acquire the epigenetic identity own to healthy n in . The -associated hypermethylation was prominent in gene regulatory regions such as enhancers and was related to the and/or protein downregulation of a network of transcription factors relevant to (1, 3C1, 4A, and 2). Using a patient-specific -based n model, our study provides the first evidence that epigenetic deregulation is associated with monogenic and sporadic PD