Prevalence of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin-B resistance among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

Background: Inducible antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive cocci is a significant public health challenge that is grossly underreported within Africa, especially Nigeria. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin-B (MLSB) resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Methodology: Clinical isolates were presumptively identified by Gram’s stain reaction and conventional biochemical tests such as catalase, coagulase, DNase, and mannitol fermentation. Phenotypic MLSB resistance was determined by placing clindamycin and erythromycin discs within 15 mm of each other and observing for a D-zone. Antibiotic sensitivity testing to selected antibiotics including cefoxitin for detection of methicillin resistance, was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Of the total 112 S. aureus isolates tested in the study, 31 (27.7%) were MLSB-resistant. MS phenotype (16.1%) was the most prevalent phenotype followed by constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) resistance (6.2%), and inducible MLSB (iMLSB) resistance (5.4%). All MLSB-resistant and sensitive S. aureus isolates were susceptible to linezolid, rifampin, tigecycline, and mupirocin while resistance rates of the MLSB resistant isolates (n=31) to other antibiotics were; tetracycline (58.1%), ciprofloxacin (48.4%), fusidic acid (41.9%), gentamicin (38.71%), cotrimoxazole (35.5%), fosfomycin (29.0%), and cefoxitin (70.9%). Comparatively, resistance rates of the MLSBsensitive isolates (n=81) to other antibiotics are; tetracycline (70.4%), ciprofloxacin (39.5%), fusidic acid (22.2%), gentamicin (45.7%), cotrimoxazole (46.9%), fosfomycin (18.5%) and cefoxitin (34.6%). There was no significant difference in the antibiotic resistance rates between MLSB resistant and MLSB sensitive strains to the antibiotics (p>0.05) except to fusidic acid (p=0.0369) and cefoxitin (p<0.0001). There was also no significant difference in antibiotic resistance rates with respect to the three MLSB resistance phenotypes (p>0.05), except for fusidic acid which was significantly higher in cMLSB than other phenotypes (p=0.007). Conclusion: The introduction of MLSB resistance detection among Gram-positive cocci in routine microbiological practice can play an important role in monitoring inducible resistance and thereby preventing therapy failure.   French title: Prévalence de la résistance au macrolide-lincosamidestreptogramine-B parmi les isolats cliniques de Staphylococcus aureus à l'hôpital Universitaire de l'Université d'Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Contexte: La résistance inductible aux antibiotiques chez les cocci à Gram positif est un défi de santé publique important qui est largement sous-déclaré en Afrique, en particulier au Nigeria. Par conséquent, le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de la résistance au macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramine-B (MLSB) parmi les isolats cliniques de Staphylococcus aureus à l'hôpital universitaire d'Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Méthodologie: Les isolats cliniques ont été identifiés par présomption par la réaction de coloration de Gram et des tests biochimiques conventionnels tels que la catalase, la coagulase, la DNase et la fermentation du mannitol. La résistance phénotypique au MLSB a été déterminée en plaçant des disques de clindamycine et d'érythromycine à moins de 15 mm l'un de l'autre et en observant une zone D. Les tests de sensibilité aux antibiotiques pour certains antibiotiques, y compris la céfoxitine, pour la détection de la résistance à la méthicilline, ont été effectués à l'aide de la méthode de diffusion sur disque de Kirby-Bauer modifiée. Résultats: Sur les 112 isolats de S. aureus testés dans l'étude, 31 (27,7%) étaient résistants à la MLSB. Le phénotype MS (16,1%) était le phénotype le plus répandu, suivi de la résistance constitutive au MLSB (cMLSB) (6,2%) et de la résistance inductible au MLSB (iMLSB) (5,4 %). Tous les isolats de S. aureus résistants et sensibles au MLSB étaient sensibles au linézolide, à la rifampicine, à la tigécycline et à la mupirocine, tandis que les taux de résistance des isolats résistants au MLSB (n=31) à d'autres antibiotiques l'étaient; tétracycline (58,1%), ciprofloxacine (48,4%), acide fusidique (41,9%), gentamicine (38,7%), cotrimoxazole (35,5%), fosfomycine (29,0%) et céfoxitine (70,9%). Comparativement, les taux de résistance des isolats sensibles au MLSB (n=81) à d'autres antibiotiques sont; tétracycline (70,4%), ciprofloxacine (39,5%), acide fusidique (22,2%), gentamicine (45,7%), cotrimoxazole (46,9%), fosfomycine (18,5%) et céfoxitine (34,6%). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans les taux de résistance aux antibiotiques entre les souches résistantes au MLSB et les souches sensibles au MLSB aux antibiotiques (p>0,05) sauf à l'acide fusidique (p=0,0369) et à la céfoxitine (p<0,0001). Il n'y avait pas non plus de différence significative dans les taux de résistance aux antibiotiques par rapport aux trois phénotypes de résistance MLSB (p> 0, 05), à l'exception de l'acide fusidique qui était significativement plus élevé dans cMLSB que les autres phénotypes (p=0,007). Conclusion: L'introduction de la détection de la résistance MLSB parmi les coques Gram-positifs dans la pratique microbiologique de routine peut jouer un rôle important dans la surveillance de la résistance inductible et ainsi prévenir l'échec du traitement

Advanced technologies for future ground-based, laser-interferometric gravitational wave detectors

We present a review of modern optical techniques being used and developed for the field of gravitational wave detection. We describe the current state-of-the-art of gravitational waves detector technologies with regard to optical layouts, suspensions and test masses. We discuss the dominant sources and noise in each of these subsystems and the developments that will help mitigate them for future generations of detectors. We very briefly summarise some of the novel astrophysics that will be possible with these upgraded detectors

INOVASI PEMANFAATAN UDANG MENJADI KERUPUK KHAS DESA SEI BAKAU SERUYAN

Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) merupakan bentuk kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat oleh mahasiswa dengan pendekatan lintas keilmuan serta sektoral pada waktu dan daerah tertentu di Indonesia. Pelaksanaan kegiatan KKN biasanya berlangsung antara satu hingga dua bulan dan bertempat di desa. Namun, KKN Tematik Mandiri Edisi Khusus Semangat Kebangsaan ini berlangsung hanya satu bulan, mengingat KKN kebangsaan juga diadakan selama satu bulan di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, tepatnya di Kabupaten Kapuas dan Pulang Pisau. Dengan tujuan membangun dan mengembangkan desa. Pada kawasan Desa Sei Bakau, ditemukan beragam hasil laut yang bisa dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat, salah satunya adalah udang yang dapat diolah menjadi berbagai panganan, seperti kerupuk udang. Metode kegiatan pelaksanaan diawali dengan observasi bahan pokok kemudian masuk pada proses pengolahan kerupuk udang yang dibantu oleh ibu-ibu PKK Desa Sei Bakau. Hasil dari kegiatan ini, yaitu masyarakat sangat merespon dengan baik terhadap adanya program kerja pemanfaatan udang yang diolah menjadi sebuah kerupuk guna meningkatkan perekonomian warga desa. Dalam proses pengolahan tersebut, terdapat berbagai kendala tetapi kelompok berhasil mengatasinya. Dengan adanya pemanfaatan udang menjadi kerupuk ini, diharapkan dapat membantu mengembangkan UMKM di daerah Kabupaten Seruya

Magnetic Field Amplification in Galaxy Clusters and its Simulation

We review the present theoretical and numerical understanding of magnetic field amplification in cosmic large-scale structure, on length scales of galaxy clusters and beyond. Structure formation drives compression and turbulence, which amplify tiny magnetic seed fields to the microGauss values that are observed in the intracluster medium. This process is intimately connected to the properties of turbulence and the microphysics of the intra-cluster medium. Additional roles are played by merger induced shocks that sweep through the intra-cluster medium and motions induced by sloshing cool cores. The accurate simulation of magnetic field amplification in clusters still poses a serious challenge for simulations of cosmological structure formation. We review the current literature on cosmological simulations that include magnetic fields and outline theoretical as well as numerical challenges.Comment: 60 pages, 19 Figure

Physical Processes in Star Formation

© 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00693-8.Star formation is a complex multi-scale phenomenon that is of significant importance for astrophysics in general. Stars and star formation are key pillars in observational astronomy from local star forming regions in the Milky Way up to high-redshift galaxies. From a theoretical perspective, star formation and feedback processes (radiation, winds, and supernovae) play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the physical processes at work, both individually and of their interactions. In this review we will give an overview of the main processes that are important for the understanding of star formation. We start with an observationally motivated view on star formation from a global perspective and outline the general paradigm of the life-cycle of molecular clouds, in which star formation is the key process to close the cycle. After that we focus on the thermal and chemical aspects in star forming regions, discuss turbulence and magnetic fields as well as gravitational forces. Finally, we review the most important stellar feedback mechanisms.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Regional Burden of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in South-West, Nigeria: A Systematic Review

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