Bayesian Approach of Joint Models of Longitudinal Outcomes and Informative Time

Longitudinal studies are commonly encountered in a variety of research areas in which the scientific interest is in the pattern of change in a response variable over time. In longitudinal data analyses, a number of methods have been proposed. Most of the traditional longitudinal methods assume that the independent variables are the same across all subjects. It is commonly assumed that time intervals for collecting outcomes are predetermined and have no information regarding the measured variables. However, in practice, researchers might occasionally have irregular time intervals and informative time, which violate the above assumptions. Hence, if traditional statistical methods are used for this situation, the results would be biased. The joint models of longitudinal outcomes and informative time are used as a solution to the above violations by using joint probability distributions, incorporating the relationships between outcomes and time. The joint models are designed to handle outcome distributions from a normal distribution with informative time following an exponential distribution. Several studies used the maximum likelihood parameter estimates of the joint model. This study, however, presented an alternative method for parameters estimation, based on a Bayesian approach, with respect to joint models of longitudinal outcomes and informative time. Using a Bayesian approach permitted the inclusion of knowledge of the observed data within the analysis through the prior distribution of unknown parameters. In this dissertation, the prior distribution adopted three scenarios: (1) the prior distributions of all unknown parameters are noninformative prior, which will set to be vague but proper prior: Normal(0, 1e6). (2) The prior distributions of all unknown parameters are informative prior, which will be set to be normal for unrestricted parameters, and inverse gamma (IG) priors for positive parameters such as the variance σ2. (3) A combination of two above scenarios, so the prior distributions of some unknown parameters are noninformative, and the others are informative. The procedure for estimating the model parameters was developed via a Markov chain Monte Carlo method using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The key idea was to construct the likelihood function, specify the prior information, and then calculate the posterior distribution. Simulated observations were generated by the MCMC technique from the posterior distribution. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to find Bayesian estimates for the unknown parameters in the joint model, with the assumptions of a normal distribution for the outcome process and an exponential distribution for informative time. The properties and merits of the proposed procedure were illustrated employing a simulation study through a written R program and OpenBUGS

Intelligent spectrum management techniques for wireless cognitive radio networks

PhD ThesisThis thesis addresses many of the unique spectrum management chal- lenges in CR networks for the rst time. These challenges have a vital e ect on the network performance and are particularly di cult to solve due to the unique characteristics of CR networks. Speci cally, this thesis proposes and investigates three intelligent spectrum management tech- niques for CR networks. The issues investigated in this thesis have a fundamental impact on the establishment, functionality and security of CR networks. First, an intelligent primary receiver-aware message exchange protocol for CR ad hoc networks is proposed. It considers the problem of alleviat- ing the interference collision risk to primary user communication, explic- itly to protect primary receivers that are not detected during spectrum sensing. The proposed protocol achieves a higher measure of safeguard- ing. A practical scenario is considered where no global network topology is known and no common control channel is assumed to exist. Second, a novel CR broadcast protocol (CRBP) to reliably disseminate the broadcast messages to all or most of the possible CR nodes in the network is proposed. The CRBP formulates the broadcast problem as a bipartite-graph problem. Thus, CRBP achieves a signi cant successful delivery ratio by connecting di erent local topologies, which is a unique feature in CR ad hoc networks. Finally, a new defence strategy to defend against spectrum sensing data falsi cation attacks in CR networks is proposed. In order to identify malicious users, the proposed scheme performs multiple veri cations of sensory data with the assistance of trusted nodes.Higher Committee For Education Devel- opment in Iraq (HCED-Iraq

Some effects of pruning on the growth of apple trees

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1966 N156Master of Scienc

Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision and Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students

The purposes of this study are to report the degree of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision’s (KSA 2030 Vision) awareness among students, and to examine the association of entrepreneurial intention with the awareness of the KSA 2030 Vision in Colleg

KEGIATAN BELAJARA MENGAJAR (KBM) DI LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN KETERAMPILAN (LPK) CV. ARAU KOTA BENGKULU

This research in common to know how learning steers car on LPK CV. Arau is Bengkulu's City. Performing observationaling to utilize research by methodics case study, data collecting did by interview, observation and documentation. Base study result therefore gets to be concluded that 1) Management course steer car on institute course steer LPK CV'S car. Arau at Bengkulu's City was walking lam which is more or less 42 years but on penyelanggaraannya stills less professional as well as 2 instructor stipubting be accomplished appropriate persayaratan that affixed deep spontaneous number Minister Of Communication: 2 ) On institute course steers LPK CV. Arau doesn't establish 2 healthy bank statements and well-behaved from kepolisan becomes to stipulate becomes course participant which 2 it most loads in number Minister Of Communication decision: 3 ) Learning Material on institute course steer LPK CV.Arau's car there is and appropriate referenced curriculum steers. Meanwhile curriculum has accomplished partly criterion which at words by number Minister Of Communication decision: KM).   4 ) Learning Method utilize to methodic discourses, question-answer, training (drill) again and again, with blackboard media, traffic light banner and car fleets, theory pembelajarn not specific ala is utilized but at the moment researcher research sees instructor to utilize some pembelaran's theory principle as cognitive as s r, kognitif's theory and configurational motivation theory, steps in learning gets basis on learning curriculum steers car, 5 ) Learning Aim steer cars on LPK CV. 6 ) Evaluation those are done on learning steers car did by nontes's activity pattern where estimation was done by instructor utilize direct watch observation by instructor in assesses pengusaan tech steers can know don't it participant study to gain control tech implement studies Key word:  learning component on LPK CV. Arau is Bengkulu City

Upaya Perangkat Desa dalam Memberdayakan Masyarakat di Desa Tengah Padang Kecamatan Talang Empat Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah

The aim of this research were: (1) to know the empowering society planning program by the village staff (2) to know the activity of empowering society done by the village staff (3) to know the effort of filling the competence aspect on the empowering society activity (4) to know the innovative effort which was done by the village staff in order to increase the quality of empowering society activity. The research method was qualitative method with descriptive approach. The participants of this research were Mr. Jamali as the headman, Mrs. Titing Alfera Roza, S.Pd as the secretary, Ms.Septi Andriani as the head of youth organization and Mrs. Linda Dewi as the one of Tengah padang village members. The data collection technique used non-participant observation, structured interview, and documentation. The data analysis technique used Miles and Huberman analysis mode, which was consist of the data reduction, data presentation, and drawling conclusion. On behalf of examining the validity and reliability of the data, the researcher used triangulation on the source, technique, and time. Based on the analysis, the village staff had done the effort to empower the society in Tengah Padang village, Talang Empat Sub-District, Central Bengkulu Regency such as arranging the empowering society planning program. The planning activities were PKK coaching, sport activity, art activity, religious activity, English and computer course. The village staff did the location and socialization selection, the empowering fund got from ADD. The support factor was the high of society participation, on the other hand the minimum facility was the inhibit factor. In order to fill the competence aspect, the village staff searched the speaker who appropriate with the education background. The innovative effort was planning the new activity such as making the bag from the strap. Then there was the directly checking by the village staff with observing the activity. Key Words: Effort, The Village Staff, Empowering Society

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI KEGIATAN KULIAH KERJA NYATA (KKN) MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS BENGKULU PERIODE 86 TAHUN 2018 DI DESA TEBAT MONOK KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG

This study aims to describe: (1) The formulation of the contents of the program of the University of Bengkulu Student Working Period 86 period in Tebat Monok Village 2018 Academic Year; (2) The form of community empowerment carried out as a realization of the 86th period of the University of Bengkulu Student Work Lecture program in Tebat Monok Village 2018 Academic Year; (3) Results of community empowerment carried out through the 86th period of the Bengkulu University Student Work Lecture in Tebat Monok Village 2018 Academic Year; (4) Role of Supervising Lecturers (DPL) in assisting the activities of the 86 Year University of Bengkulu University Real Work Period 2018 in Tebat Monok Village. This study used a qualitative approach to the research subjects of Students of the University of Bengkulu in the 86 86 2018 period in Tebat Monok Village the government of Tebat Monok village as a Lapanga Advisor, and University of Bengkulu P3KKN. Data collection is done by interviewing techniques and documentation. The technique used in data analysis is data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Triangulation is used to explain the validity of the data by using source triangulation, technique triangulation, and time triangulation. The results of the study show: (1) The process of formulating the program content is done by drafting the KKN student work program through the KKN workshop. (2) The form of implementation of community empowerment carried out is training in packaging techniques and product labeling. (3) The results of community empowerment are carried out, namely the fulfillment of the basic needs of the community of Tebat Monok Village in the field of Entrepreneurship. (4) The role of Field Advisors is to carry out their duties and functions in accordance with existing provisions, namely by holding orientation until giving objective values.  Keywords: Community Empowerment, Training, Family Welfare. 

EFEKTIVITAS KEGIATAN KELOMPOK USAHA BERSAMA (KUBE) RAFFLESIA KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA

General objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of activities done by Rafflesia Business Group at the North Bengkulu. And the specific purpose of this study was to determine the planning, implementation, efforts to increase its capabilities to the members in the group, infrastructure, and the evaluation of Business Group program. The method of this study was a qualitative method and the data collection techniques used was interview, observation and documentation. The subjects of this research was Rafflesia Business Group board consisted of Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer and Members. In order to prove the validity of the research, it was checked by using the triangulation of data sources, techniques and timing. Data were analyzed through three stages, which were data reduction, presentation and conclusion. The research found that the first, Rafflesia Business Group did not use specific standards in planning the program it was only seen from the public interest, the planning was done with the consensus of the members. Second, implementation, Rafflesia Business Group implemented the program in accordance with the initial plan that had been prepared in advance with the cooperation of members to achieve production. Third, the efforts to increase the member participation in the group, members of the business made another attempt at Business Group. But they were always working to improve Business Group program in order to create new innovations. Fourth, influence of infrastructure, KUBE Rafflesia had sufficient infrastructure and assist in achieving the results of Business Group’s program. Fifth evaluation, the evaluation was done associated with the planning done by the consensus of members, the implementation that was done matched with the advance planning in which the members were cooperated, the efforts to increased members participation in which they were always attempted to give new innovations for Business Group’s program, and the infrastructure supported in achieving the results of Business Group. Keywords: Effectiveness, Business Group, entrepreneurshi

PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL DALAM MEMBERDAYAKAN MASYARAKAT MISKIN DI KOTA BENGKULU (Studi Kasus Pada Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat “Ketimbang Ngemis Bengkulu”)

The purpose of the research to describe a social media as empowering instrumen a poor society in bengkulu city which is conducted by a Non Govermental Organization (NGO’s) “Ketimbang Ngemis Bengkulu”. The method analysis intervew, observation, and documentation. The step studied analysis form data reduction, data presentation, exposure result and conculsion of data validity using analysis methods triangulation begins and triangulation time, subject and technique. The result prove that empowerment community ‘Ketimbang Ngemis Bengkulu’ conducted us capital distribution assistance. Raising, bazaar fairs, garage sale, given to inspirational people with disabilities and age limitations who choose not to beg or become homeless. The role of social media to empowering is among others, as a medium for mobilizing information to related a inspirational figures, or succour. There are stages community empowerment are starting from preparation, implementation and evaluation. The empowerment program by ‘ketimbang ngemis bengkulu’  is very useful to improve the habbits and create awareness towards fellow being human. Keywords : Media social, Empowering,  poor societ