Carbohydrate—protein conjugate vaccines

ABSTRACTVarious pathogenic bacteria have coats of polysaccharide, many with repeating epitopes. Though polysaccharide vaccines have been available for some time, they induce mainly IgM production, and are only moderately protective in adults and ineffective in young children. It was originally shown in 1931 that the immunogenicity of polysaccharides could be enhanced by conjugating to a protein. The last two decades have witnessed the production and clinical testing of polysaccharide—protein conjugates specific for at least four different bacteria which normally cause considerable mortality and morbidity, especially in young children. In some cases, immunizing children from 4 months of age, with a booster early in the second year, has resulted in remarkably high success rates in protecting them from disease. For one pathogen, Haemophilus influenza type b, the success rate has been sufficiently high (>95%) to suggest that this disease might, in time, be globally controlled in this way. The results of immunization with conjugate vaccines to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningiditis and Salmonella typhi are also very encouraging. More conjugate preparations are under development

Alien Registration- Outhouse, Ada G. (Eastport, Washington County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/1373/thumbnail.jp

Snakebite envenomation in Benue state: A study of prevalence and treatment in Agatu local government area, Benue state- Nigeria

Although snakebites envenomation occurs frequently in Agatu Local Government area of Benue State-Nigeria, the prevalence has not been documented. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, morbidity, mortality and management principle of the snakebite in Agatu Local Government area through retrospective data obtained from victims of snakebite covering a period of ten years (2011 –2020). Results revealed that 51.4% of snakebite victims were male while 48.6% were female. Rainy season recorded the highest cases with 60.5% while dry season was 39.5%. Body parts mostly accounted for snakebite was leg with 81.6% while the least was head with 1.6%. The aged range of 40 to 49 (30.3%) had the highest snakebite cases while the aged >70 (1.1%) had the least. Most of the victims were bitten by Puff adder (27.6%) while the least were bitten by Atracstaspis spp (4.9%). Monthly record of snakebites indicates that July had the highest occurrence 17.3% while the least was in December 1.6%. Most of the respondents were Secondary school leavers (43.1%) while non formal education had the least respondents (16.2%). Most of the victims were farmers 35.1% while the least were traders (17.3%). The ten years record of snakebite envenomation indicates that 2017 (15.7%) had the highest record of the incidence while the least was in 2010 (1.1%). Most victims 98.9% sought care from traditional healers while 0.5% of cases reported to health facilities and others (Jerusalem stone and prayer houses) respectively. Despite the high stable morbidity indicated, there was absence of fatality throughout the study period. Thus, predispose Agatu people towards their traditional snakebite treatment methods as a legitimate treatment for snakebite in their community. Key words: Snake, snakebite, envenomation, rural dweller

A new Comptonization model for low-magnetized accreting neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries

We developed a new model for the X-ray spectral fitting \xspec package which takes into account the effects of both thermal and dynamical (i.e. bulk) Comptonization. The model consists of two components: one is the direct blackbody-like emission due to seed photons which are not subjected to effective Compton scattering, while the other one is a convolution of the Green's function of the energy operator with a blackbody-like seed photon spectrum. When combined thermal and bulk effects are considered, the analytic form of the Green's function may be obtained as a solution of the diffusion Comptonization equation. Using data from the BeppoSAX, INTEGRAL and RXTE satellites, we test our model on the spectra of a sample of six persistently low magnetic field bright neutron star Low Mass X-ray Binaries, covering three different spectral states. Particular attention is given to the transient powerlaw-like hard X-ray (> 30 keV) tails that we interpret in the framework of the bulk motion Comptonization process. We show that the values of the best-fit delta-parameter, which represents the importance of bulk with respect to thermal Comptonization, can be physically meaningful and can at least qualitatively describe the physical conditions of the environment in the innermost part of the system. Moreover, we show that in fitting the thermal Comptonization spectra to the X-ray spectra of these systems, the best-fit parameters of our model are in excellent agreement with those of COMPTT, a broadly used and well established XSPEC model.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Avaliação da ementa, adequação do consumo alimentar e desperdício em creches públicas concessionadas no Brasil

Introdução: A garantia de uma alimentação adequada, em seu aspecto quantitativo e qualitativo, éde suma importância para a promoção do crescimento e desenvolvimento das crianças que frequentamcreches.Objectivos: Avaliar qualitativamente as ementas, em termos nutricionais e sensoriais, a adequaçãodo consumo alimentar e o desperdício de alimentos oferecidos às crianças frequentadoras de crechespúblicas de gestão concessionada no município de São Paulo, Brasil.Metodologia: Este estudo é transversal e os dados foram recolhidos nos berçários de quatro creches,que recebiam 200 crianças entre 12 e 36 meses. Cada creche foi avaliada durante três dias, totalizando24 dias e 120 refeições. A qualidade da ementa foi avaliada segundo o método Análise Qualitativadas Preparações de Ementas e o consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo método de pesagem directa dosalimentos, sendo calculada a adequação segundo recomendações do Programa Nacional de AlimentaçãoEscolar para energia, hidrato de carbono, proteína, gordura, fibra, vitamina A e C, cálcio, ferro esódio. O desperdício de alimentos foi analisado pelo Índice de Resto-Ingestão (IR).Resultados: Os resultados reflectiram que a oferta de hortícolas foi insuficiente em mais de 90%dos dias e, a quantidade de hortícolas folhosas e alimentos ricos em enxofre foi compatível com orecomendado em 62% e 54% dos dias analisados, sendo expressiva a oferta de doces e alimentoscontendo ácidos gordos trans. O consumo de energia, macronutrientes, fibra, vitamina A, cálcio e ferrofoi inferior ao recomendado e o de vitamina C e sódio foi de duas a três vezes superior. O IR varioude 27 a 42% nas creches e de 10 a 49% nos alimentos analisados.Conclusões: Salienta-se a necessidade de revisão das preparações das refeições visando melhorara aceitação pelas crianças, e do planeamento das ementas propostas no que concerne ao aportenutricional e porcionamento per capita estipulados

Desenvolvimento de selo de qualidade alimentar e nutricional para a restauração pública

[Resumo][Abstract

Regulation of eosinophilia and allergic airway inflammation by the glycan-binding protein galectin-1

Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a glycan-binding protein with broad antiinflammatory activities, functions as a proresolving mediator in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. However, its role in allergic airway inflammation has not yet been elucidated. We evaluated the effects of Gal-1 on eosinophil function and its role in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Allergen exposure resulted in airway recruitment of Gal-1-expressing inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, as well as increased Gal-1 in extracellular spaces in the lungs. In vitro, extracellular Gal-1 exerted divergent effects on eosinophils that were N-glycan- And dose-dependent. At concentrations ≤0.25 μM, Gal-1 increased eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, caused redistribution of integrin CD49d to the periphery and cell clustering, but inhibited ERK(1/2) activation and eotaxin-1-induced migration. Exposure to concentrations ≥1 μM resulted in ERK(1/2)- dependent apoptosis and disruption of the F- Actin cytoskeleton. At lower concentrations, Gal-1 did not alter expression of adhesion molecules (CD49d, CD18, CD11a, CD11b, L-selectin) or of the chemokine receptor CCR3, but decreased CD49d and CCR3 was observed in eosinophils treated with higher concentrations of this lectin. In vivo, allergen-challenged Gal-1-deficient mice exhibited increased recruitment of eosinophils and CD3+ T lymphocytes in the airways as well as elevated peripheral blood and bone marrow eosinophils relative to corresponding WT mice. Further, these mice had an increased propensity to develop airway hyperresponsiveness and displayed significantly elevated levels of TNF-α in lung tissue. This study suggests that Gal-1 can limit eosinophil recruitment to allergic airways and suppresses airway inflammation by inhibiting cell migration and promoting eosinophil apoptosis.Fil: Ge, Xiao Na. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Ha, Sung Gil. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Greenberg, Yana G.. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Rao, Amrita. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Bastan, Idil. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Blidner, Ada Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rao, Savita P.. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Sriramarao, P.. University of Minnesota; Estados Unido

Maximal superintegrability of Benenti systems

For a class of Hamiltonian systems naturally arising in the modern theory of separation of variables, we establish their maximal superintegrability by explicitly constructing the additional integrals of motion.Comment: 5 pages, LaTeX 2e, to appear in J. Phys. A: Math. Ge

Detached cataclysmic variables are crossing the orbital period gap

A central hypothesis in the theory of cataclysmic variable (CV) evolution is the need to explain the observed lack of accreting systems in the ~2-3 h orbital period range, known as the period gap. The standard model, disrupted magnetic braking (DMB), reproduces the gap by postulating that CVs transform into inconspicuous detached white dwarf (WD) plus main sequence (MS) systems, which no longer resemble CVs. However, observational evidence for this standard model is currently indirect and thus this scenario has attracted some criticism throughout the last decades. Here we perform a simple but exceptionally strong test of the existence of detached CVs (dCVs). If the theory is correct dCVs should produce a peak in the orbital period distribution of detached close binaries consisting of a WD and an M4-M6 secondary star. We measured six new periods which brings the sample of such binaries with known periods below 10 h to 52 systems. An increase of systems in the ~2-3 h orbital period range is observed. Comparing this result with binary population models we find that the observed peak can not be reproduced by PCEBs alone and that the existence of dCVs is needed to reproduce the observations. Also, the WD mass distribution in the gap shows evidence of two populations in this period range, i.e. PCEBs and more massive dCVs, which is not observed at longer periods. We therefore conclude that CVs are indeed crossing the gap as detached systems, which provides strong support for the DMB theory.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA