Résistance de la Tique Invasive Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus à la Nouvelle Gamme d’Acaricides Distribués en Côte d’Ivoire

Ce travail avait pour objectif d’améliorer la lutte contre la tique Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en Côte d’Ivoire en apportant une assistance aux éleveurs dans le choix des acaricides qui leur sont proposés. Pour ce faire, il a été question de répertorier les spécialités d’acaricides distribuées en Côte d’Ivoire pour le détiquage des bovins et par la suite, évaluer le niveau de résistance-sensibilité des tiques R. (B.) microplus à ces acaricides dans les élevages péri-urbains de bovins au sud de la Côte d’Ivoire, précisément dans la zone d’Azaguié où la tique exotique R. (B.) microplus a été découverte pour la première fois en Afrique de l’Ouest. Il ressort de l’étude que six (6) molécules acaricides sont officiellement distribuées en Côte d’Ivoire (Alphacyperméthrine, Cyperméthrine, Amitraz, Fluméthrine, Deltaméthrine et Fipronil) sous diverses appellations commerciales. Face aux échecs thérapeutiques recurents et aux plaintes des éleveurs, une nouvelle gamme d’acaricides est actuellement proposée aux éleveurs. Elle est essentiellement constituée de produits à base de fluméthrine, de fipronil, de deltaméthrine ou de cyperméthrine associée au chlorpyriphos, au butoxide de pipéronyl et à la citronnelle. La méthode de référence LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardisée par la FAO a été utilisée pour évaluer le niveau de résistance de cette tique invasive R. (B.) microplus à trois (3) molécules acaricides de cette gamme à savoir la deltaméthrine, la fluméthrine et la nouvelle spécialité de molécules associées (cyperméthrine-chlorpyriphos-citronnelle-butoxide de pipéronyl). Une variation du niveau de résistance a été signalée d’un acaricide à l’autre vis-à-vis des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus testées. L’étude a montré une résistance des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus à la deltaméthrine et à la fluméthrine. Quant à la nouvelle spécialité de molécules associées, elle a présenté un niveau de sensibilité acceptable exprimé par les populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus.   This work aimed to improve the fight against the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Côte d'Ivoire by providing assistance to breeders in the choice of acaricides marketed. To do this, the acaricides distributed in Côte d'Ivoire for cattle treatment was inventoried and then, the level of resistance- susceptibility of R. (B.) microplus to these acaricides was estimated in peri-urban cattle farms in southern Côte d'Ivoire, precisely in the area of Azaguié where the exotic tick R. (B.) microplus was discovered for the first time in West Africa. It appears from the study that six (6) acaricidal molecules are officially distributed in Côte d'Ivoire (Alphacypermethrin, Cypermethrin, Amitraz, Flumethrin, Deltamethrin and Fipronil) under various trade names. Faced with recurrent treatment failures and complaints from breeders, a new range of acaricides is currently being offered to breeders. It essentially consists of products based on flumethrin, fipronil, deltamethrin or cypermethrin associated with chlorpyrifos, piperonyl butoxid and citronella. The reference method LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardized by the FAO was used to estimate the level of resistance of the invasive tick R. (B.) microplus to three (3) acaricides, namely deltamethrin, flumethrin and the new product of associated acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid- citronella). A variation of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus has been reported from one acaricide to another. The study showed a resistance of R. (B.) microplus tick populations to deltamethrin and flumethrin. However, an acceptable level of susceptibility expressed by the population ticks of R. (B.) microplus to the association of acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid-citronella) was reported

Résistance de la Tique Invasive Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus à la Nouvelle Gamme d’Acaricides Distribués en Côte d’Ivoire

Ce travail avait pour objectif d’améliorer la lutte contre la tique Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en Côte d’Ivoire en apportant une assistance aux éleveurs dans le choix des acaricides qui leur sont proposés. Pour ce faire, il a été question de répertorier les spécialités d’acaricides distribuées en Côte d’Ivoire pour le détiquage des bovins et par la suite, évaluer le niveau de résistance-sensibilité des tiques R. (B.) microplus à ces acaricides dans les élevages péri-urbains de bovins au sud de la Côte d’Ivoire, précisément dans la zone d’Azaguié où la tique exotique R. (B.) microplus a été découverte pour la première fois en Afrique de l’Ouest. Il ressort de l’étude que six (6) molécules acaricides sont officiellement distribuées en Côte d’Ivoire (Alphacyperméthrine, Cyperméthrine, Amitraz, Fluméthrine, Deltaméthrine et Fipronil) sous diverses appellations commerciales. Face aux échecs thérapeutiques recurents et aux plaintes des éleveurs, une nouvelle gamme d’acaricides est actuellement proposée aux éleveurs. Elle est essentiellement constituée de produits à base de fluméthrine, de fipronil, de deltaméthrine ou de cyperméthrine associée au chlorpyriphos, au butoxide de pipéronyl et à la citronnelle. La méthode de référence LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardisée par la FAO a été utilisée pour évaluer le niveau de résistance de cette tique invasive R. (B.) microplus à trois (3) molécules acaricides de cette gamme à savoir la deltaméthrine, la fluméthrine et la nouvelle spécialité de molécules associées (cyperméthrine-chlorpyriphos-citronnelle-butoxide de pipéronyl). Une variation du niveau de résistance a été signalée d’un acaricide à l’autre vis-à-vis des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus testées. L’étude a montré une résistance des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus à la deltaméthrine et à la fluméthrine. Quant à la nouvelle spécialité de molécules associées, elle a présenté un niveau de sensibilité acceptable exprimé par les populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus.   This work aimed to improve the fight against the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Côte d'Ivoire by providing assistance to breeders in the choice of acaricides marketed. To do this, the acaricides distributed in Côte d'Ivoire for cattle treatment was inventoried and then, the level of resistance- susceptibility of R. (B.) microplus to these acaricides was estimated in peri-urban cattle farms in southern Côte d'Ivoire, precisely in the area of Azaguié where the exotic tick R. (B.) microplus was discovered for the first time in West Africa. It appears from the study that six (6) acaricidal molecules are officially distributed in Côte d'Ivoire (Alphacypermethrin, Cypermethrin, Amitraz, Flumethrin, Deltamethrin and Fipronil) under various trade names. Faced with recurrent treatment failures and complaints from breeders, a new range of acaricides is currently being offered to breeders. It essentially consists of products based on flumethrin, fipronil, deltamethrin or cypermethrin associated with chlorpyrifos, piperonyl butoxid and citronella. The reference method LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardized by the FAO was used to estimate the level of resistance of the invasive tick R. (B.) microplus to three (3) acaricides, namely deltamethrin, flumethrin and the new product of associated acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid- citronella). A variation of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus has been reported from one acaricide to another. The study showed a resistance of R. (B.) microplus tick populations to deltamethrin and flumethrin. However, an acceptable level of susceptibility expressed by the population ticks of R. (B.) microplus to the association of acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid-citronella) was reported

Distribution of bovine Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1885) in the district des Savanes, northern Côte d'Ivoire

Fascioliasis, caused by an infection with liver flukes of the genus Fasciola, is an important disease of livestock in most parts of the world. However, little is known about the distribution of fascioliasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We report results of a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in the district des Savanes in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire. We obtained 275 livers from bovine suspected with fascioliasis and 51 unsuspected livers from 24 slaughterhouses. Livers were dissected using a standard operating procedure and all Fasciola gigantica flukes were removed from the tissues of the liver and the biliary ducts. We found F. gigantica in 125 livers from bovines suspected with fascioliasis (45.5%) in 10 departments of the district des Savanes. Among the unsuspected livers, five were positive for F. gigantica (9.8%). The distribution of fascioliasis showed considerable spatial heterogeneity, both at regional (ranging from 18.0% to 52.3%) and departmental level (ranging from 14.3% to 64.0%). Poro region was the most affected (52.3%) with a relatively homogeneous distribution. The departments most affected by fascioliasis were M'Bengue (64.0%), Sinematiali (62.1%) and Ferkessedougou (52.9%). Our study confirms that fascioliasis is an important veterinary disease in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire, and hence, high-risk areas need to be targeted for prevention and control measures

Efficacy of triclabendazole and albendazole against Fasciola spp. infection in cattle in Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised blinded trial

Triclabendazole is the anthelminthic of choice for the treatment of fascioliasis, however, it is not yet registered in many countries. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of a single-dose of triclabendazole (12 mg/kg) or albendazole (15 mg/kg) against Fasciola spp. infection in cattle on farms in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire in a randomized clinical trial. Faecal samples were obtained from 196 cattle, of which 155 (79.1%) were found positive for Fasciola spp. by the sedimentation technique. Cattle infected with Fasciola spp. were randomly allocated (3:3:1) to receive triclabendazole (n=66), albendazole (n=67) or left untreated to serve as control (n=22). Follow-up faecal samples were collected on days 21, 28, 90 and 188 post-treatment. No adverse events were observed as reported by the farmer in any of the treatment groups. The proportion of non-egg shedding cattle (PNES), assessed at day 21 (primary outcome), was significantly higher in cattle treated with triclabendazole (95.4%) compared to those receiving albendazole (70.3%; odds ratio [OR] 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.39, p <0.001). The egg reduction rate (ERR) expressed as number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg), a secondary endpoint assessed at day 21 post-treatment, was significantly higher in the triclabendazole arm (arithmetic mean (AM) ERR=99.8%) than in the albendazole arm (AM ERR=92.2%), with a difference of 7.6%-points (95% CI: 0.9-14.5%-points, p=0.03). Reinfection rates at days 90 and 188 post-treatment (secondary endpoint) were lower in the triclabendazole arm (5.3% and 18.5%) compared to the albendazole arm (23.5% and 33.3%). This is the first report of efficacy of triclabendazole against Fasciola spp. in naturally infected cattle in Cote d'Ivoire. Our results confirm that triclabendazole is the most effective treatment of fascioliasis and therefore, should be considered for the control of livestock fascioliasis; if resources allow in combination with intermediate host snail control and raising farmers awareness of pasture and livestock management to avoid reinfection

Infectious diseases in a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, 1989Some Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica are in refugee camps. The types and rates of infectious diseases in the Pueblo Nuevo refugee camp were measured by examining medical records for 1985 and performing stool and blood testing. The incidence of infections was 320 episodes per 1000 persons per year. Respiratory infections represented 63% of all illnesses and pulmonary tuberculosis was high. Malaria was not found in blood samples and no childhood illnesses preventable by immunizations were recorded in the records. intestinal parasites were found in 565 of the persons examined, considerably higher than the 153/4 prevalence noted in surveys of Costa Rica as a whole. Trichuris trichlura was found in 40 To of the positive stool samples. The deficient hygienic conditions and overcrowding in the camp are responsible for the high rates of infections and the continued presence of infections many of which probably were acquired in Nicaragua. Improvement of hygienic conditions can be accomplished by involving the refugees in education, cleaning and identifying problem areas. Adequate sanitation and improved water supply, and reducing overcrowding are also recommended.Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud.Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. New YorkUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA

Prevalence and distribution of livestock schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in Côte d'Ivoire: results from a cross-sectional survey

BACKGROUND: Schistosoma and Fasciola are zoonotic parasites of public health and veterinary importance. However, while the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in humans is well studied, little is known about fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in livestock in Cote d'Ivoire. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the distribution of livestock schistosomiasis and fascioliasis across Cote d'Ivoire. In 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in abattoirs and farms in 13 departments of Cote d'Ivoire. In abattoirs, the mesenteric veins and livers of slaughtered cattle, sheep and goats were examined for adult Schistosoma and Fasciola flukes. Faeces from live cattle, goats and sheep were collected and examined for Schistosoma and Fasciola eggs using a sedimentation technique. RESULTS: A total of 386 cattle, 174 goats and 151 sheep from abattoirs and 435 cattle, 22 goats and 176 sheep from farms were sampled. The observed prevalence of schistosomiasis was higher in slaughtered animals. Fascioliasis was more prevalent in farm animals. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in slaughtered cattle varied between 5.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7-19.7%) and 53.3% (95% CI: 37.9-68.3%) with the highest prevalence observed in Ouangolodougou in the North. Cattle from farms had a relatively low prevalence of schistosomiasis, with the highest prevalence found in Ouangolodougou (2.4%, 95% CI: 0.7-6.1%). The prevalence of fascioliasis varied considerably from one department to another, ranging from nil (95% CI: 0.0-18.5%) to 50.8% (95% CI: 43.4-58.2%), with the highest prevalence found in farm cattle in Dikodougou in the North. Sheep and goats had a lower prevalence of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis than cattle. In slaughtered animals, cattle aged 4 years and older were at highest risk for schistosomiasis (odds ratio (OR): 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0-5.6) and fascioliasis (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9). In farm animals, male cattle had higher odds of being infected with Schistosoma (OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 0.7-26.9) than females. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that schistosomiasis and fascioliasis are endemic in livestock across Cote d'Ivoire. A strategic control programme should be considered, especially for cattle, including providing drinking water in troughs to reduce faecal contamination of water sources by cattle

A narrative review of health research capacity strengthening in low and middle-income countries: lessons for conflict-affected areas

Abstract Conducting health research in conflict-affected areas and other complex environments is difficult, yet vital. However, the capacity to undertake such research is often limited and with little translation into practice, particularly in poorer countries. There is therefore a need to strengthen health research capacity in conflict-affected countries and regions. In this narrative review, we draw together evidence from low and middle-income countries to highlight challenges to research capacity strengthening in conflict, as well as examples of good practice. We find that authorship trends in health research indicate global imbalances in research capacity, with implications for the type and priorities of research produced, equity within epistemic communities and the development of sustainable research capacity in low and middle-income countries. Yet, there is little evidence on what constitutes effective health research capacity strengthening in conflict-affected areas. There is more evidence on health research capacity strengthening in general, from which several key enablers emerge: adequate and sustained financing; effective stewardship and equitable research partnerships; mentorship of researchers of all levels; and effective linkages of research to policy and practice. Strengthening health research capacity in conflict-affected areas needs to occur at multiple levels to ensure sustainability and equity. Capacity strengthening interventions need to take into consideration the dynamics of conflict, power dynamics within research collaborations, the potential impact of technology, and the wider political environment in which they take place