Meaning and External Context in Linguistics

The research is based on the linguistic expression with real- world context. I differentiated between what a word inherently means and it can be used to mean in a particular context. The theories of different theorists were presented. In the first theory, meaning distinguished three aspects of a wor

Urdu Translation and Validation of Academic Resilience Scale in Pakistani School Students

The present study was conducted to translate and validate the Academic Resilience Scale (Martin & Marsh 2006) in Urdu on Pakistani school students. For this purpose forward and backward translation method (Brislin, 1976) was utilized to translate original English version into Urdu. Urdu version had high test-retest reliability coefficient i.e. r=.903**. For validation, a sample of 340 students was selected conveniently from different schools Multan, Pakistan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to measure the factor structure of scale and it was discovered to be one-dimensional. ARS – Urdu version had significantly good reliability coefficient (α = .843). The scale validity and reliability were found to be satisfactory. Therefore, its findings demonstrated that it is appropriate for measuring academic resilience of school students

FIRM PERFORMANCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE

Majority of firms in the world have controlling shareholders, usually a family or a state and in few other cases, single individual controls manyfirms under an umbrella. The study aimsto investigate the relationship between ownership structure and performance of firms. A sample of 100 firms listed on Karachi stock Exchange (including 50 private and 50 public firms) for time period 2007 to 2011 were used for analysis. Firm’s performance is measured by accounting based measures as well as market based measures. Return on asset, Profitability,Leverage,Asset turnover, Earning per share and Tobin’s Q are taken as independent variableand Equity is used as a dependent variable. The statistical tools Mean, OLS, Correlation and T-Test were used for analysis of data. It was concluded that privately owned firms performs better than publicly owned firms. All independent variables except Tobin’s Q indicated a significant relationship with dependent variable which ultimately contributes toward a higher performance. Statistical differences are insignificant between private and public owned firms

The traditional system of Unani medicine, its origin, evolution and Indianisation:A critical appraisal

Greco-Arab medicine, popular as a complementary or alternative medicine, is based largely on herbs and minerals. This was initiated by Hippocrates (460-377 BC) and his associates in Greece, but its preferred home today is the Indian subcontinent. It believes that every person has its own distinct temperament made up of combinations of four basic humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile). A proper balance in quantity and quality of these humors indicates health, while imbalance represents a diseased condition. The temperament of individuals is influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Treatment is done normally through regimental therapy, dietotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy. The nature of drugs (hot, cool, dry, wet, etc) is also taken into consideration. This therapy is known to have minimal side effects. It received the patronage of Delhi Sultans and Mughal Emperors for over 500 years (13th to 18th century) and is now advancing under the banner of Indian systems of medicine. This review discusses the basic principles and concepts as well as the systematic progress of Unani medicine and critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of this therapy in addition to highlighting the contributions of Indian Hakims (Unani physicians) to public health sector in India during the last seven centuries

Rast, sastav mesa i krvni pokazatelji kod prve generacije novih hibrida pilića i njihovih križanih roditelja.

A total of 2000 un-sexed day-old chicks of FIRI (Fayoumi male x RIR female), RLH (White Leghorn male x F1 female (Fayoumi male x RIR female) and RLH-G1 (generation one of RLH) chickens were obtained from the hatchery of the Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi. The chickens of each crossbred were divided into 5 groups as replicates under a completely randomized design, so that there were 400 chickens in each replicate. The birds were maintained on a deep litter system for a period of 20 weeks. The results showed that the average day-old weight was highest in RLH, intermediate in RLH-G1and lowest in FIRI chickens. The RLH-G1chickens consumed less (P0.05) dressing %age was observed in FIRI (62.60) followed by RLH (62.10) and RLH-G1 (61.98) chickens. The breast and thigh meat composition had a non-significant (P>0.05) difference of all crossbred chickens. There was a non-significant (P>0.05) difference in haematological values between all crossbred chickens. The total erythrocyte number, Hb and packed cell volume (PCV) increased with the advancement of age. However, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values decreased gradually with the advancement of age. It may be concluded that RLH and RLHG1crossbred chickens gained better body weight than FIRI chickens, with lower mortality. The first generation of RLH showed better FCR than RLH and FIRI crossbred chickens.U radu je korišteno ukupno 2000 jednodnevnih pilića, neodređenog spola, dobivenih iz valionice Instituta za istraživanje peradi u Ravalpindiju. S obzirom na roditelje, pilići su imali oznake FIRI (Fayoumi mužjaci x RIR ženke), RLH (mužjaci bijelog leghorna x F1 ženke (Fayoumi mužjaci x RIR ženke) i RLH-G1 (prva generacija RLH). Metodom slučajnog izbora pilići su podijeljeni u 5 skupina po 400 jedinki u svakoj skupini. Tijekom razdoblja od 20 tjedana, primijenjen je sustav držanja pilića na dubokoj prostirci. Rezultati su pokazali da je prosječna masa jednodnevnih pilića najveća u skupini RLH, zatim slijede pilići u RLH-G1, te pilići s najnižom prosječnom masom iz FIRI skupine. Pilići iz RLH-G1 skupine konzumirali su manje (P0,05) opažen je u skupini FIRI (62,60 %) pilića, slijedili su pilići RLH (62,10 %) i RLH-G1 (61,98 %) skupina. Sastav mesa prsa i bataka nije se signifikantno razlikovao (P>0,05) između pilića križanaca. Također, nesignifikantne (P>0,05) razlike između pilića utvrđene su i za sve krvne pokazatelje. Ukupni broj eritrocita, hemoglobin i hematokrit rasli su s porastom dobi pilića, dok su sedimentacija, prosječni volumen i prosječni hemoglobin eritrocita s porastom dobi postupno opadali. Može se zaključiti da su pilići križanci RLH i RLH-G1 skupina imali bolji prirast tjelesne mase u odnosu na piliće FIRI skupine koji su imali manju smrtnost. Prva generacija pilića iz RLH skupine pokazala je bolji FCR prirast nego pilići križanci RLH i FIRI skupina

Rast, sastav mesa i krvni pokazatelji kod prve generacije novih hibrida pilića i njihovih križanih roditelja.

A total of 2000 un-sexed day-old chicks of FIRI (Fayoumi male x RIR female), RLH (White Leghorn male x F1 female (Fayoumi male x RIR female) and RLH-G1 (generation one of RLH) chickens were obtained from the hatchery of the Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi. The chickens of each crossbred were divided into 5 groups as replicates under a completely randomized design, so that there were 400 chickens in each replicate. The birds were maintained on a deep litter system for a period of 20 weeks. The results showed that the average day-old weight was highest in RLH, intermediate in RLH-G1and lowest in FIRI chickens. The RLH-G1chickens consumed less (P0.05) dressing %age was observed in FIRI (62.60) followed by RLH (62.10) and RLH-G1 (61.98) chickens. The breast and thigh meat composition had a non-significant (P>0.05) difference of all crossbred chickens. There was a non-significant (P>0.05) difference in haematological values between all crossbred chickens. The total erythrocyte number, Hb and packed cell volume (PCV) increased with the advancement of age. However, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values decreased gradually with the advancement of age. It may be concluded that RLH and RLHG1crossbred chickens gained better body weight than FIRI chickens, with lower mortality. The first generation of RLH showed better FCR than RLH and FIRI crossbred chickens.U radu je korišteno ukupno 2000 jednodnevnih pilića, neodređenog spola, dobivenih iz valionice Instituta za istraživanje peradi u Ravalpindiju. S obzirom na roditelje, pilići su imali oznake FIRI (Fayoumi mužjaci x RIR ženke), RLH (mužjaci bijelog leghorna x F1 ženke (Fayoumi mužjaci x RIR ženke) i RLH-G1 (prva generacija RLH). Metodom slučajnog izbora pilići su podijeljeni u 5 skupina po 400 jedinki u svakoj skupini. Tijekom razdoblja od 20 tjedana, primijenjen je sustav držanja pilića na dubokoj prostirci. Rezultati su pokazali da je prosječna masa jednodnevnih pilića najveća u skupini RLH, zatim slijede pilići u RLH-G1, te pilići s najnižom prosječnom masom iz FIRI skupine. Pilići iz RLH-G1 skupine konzumirali su manje (P0,05) opažen je u skupini FIRI (62,60 %) pilića, slijedili su pilići RLH (62,10 %) i RLH-G1 (61,98 %) skupina. Sastav mesa prsa i bataka nije se signifikantno razlikovao (P>0,05) između pilića križanaca. Također, nesignifikantne (P>0,05) razlike između pilića utvrđene su i za sve krvne pokazatelje. Ukupni broj eritrocita, hemoglobin i hematokrit rasli su s porastom dobi pilića, dok su sedimentacija, prosječni volumen i prosječni hemoglobin eritrocita s porastom dobi postupno opadali. Može se zaključiti da su pilići križanci RLH i RLH-G1 skupina imali bolji prirast tjelesne mase u odnosu na piliće FIRI skupine koji su imali manju smrtnost. Prva generacija pilića iz RLH skupine pokazala je bolji FCR prirast nego pilići križanci RLH i FIRI skupina

Islamic Financial Engineering Role in Combating Covid-19 Epidemic Issues: A Case Study of Pakistan

The world and Pakistani economies have suffered from COVID-19.  MSMEs are the main victims of COVID-19.  This paper evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and offers policy recommendations to help them mitigate economic losses and navigate the crisis.  Financial engineering integrates financial theory, engineering approaches, mathematics, and programming.  Finance also involves using mathematical and computational methods to implement financial tasks. Islamic Financial Engineering (IFE) is crucial in the customer-driven derivatives sector, which involves quantitative modelling, programming, trading, and risk management of derivative products. The  objective of the study  is  tо  exрlоre  whether  the  Islаmiс  finаnсiаl  engineering  соntributes or not  tо  resоlve  the  issues  of  СОVID-19 in  Раkistаn  i.e:  (а)  tо  identify  the  imроrtаnt  rоle  оf  Islаmiс  finаnсiаl  engineering  tоwаrd  СОVID-19  Issues remedies in Раkistаn (b) tо identify the  imроrtаnt  rоle  оf  IFE tо  соmbаt  СОVID-19  issues in  Раkistаn  (с)  tо  exрlоre  mоre  finаnсiаl  рrоduсts  tо  соver  uр  the  dent  оn  рооr  рeорle  due  tо  соvid-  19  (d)  tо  imрrоve  the  rоle  оf  Islаmiс  miсrоfinаnсe  institutiоns with the help of IFE tools  tо  help the  рeорle get rid of роverty (e) tо analyze роliсy imрliсаtiоns under IFE аnd  reсоmmendаtiоn  tо  ассelerаte  in  аttаining  the  revivаl  аfter  СОVID-19. The study focuses on the above discussed objectives by examining the performance of MSMEs during and after COVID-19 pandemic. A comparision is given to depict the main variables in these periods i.e prior - during and after COVID-19 pandemic till July 2021. Recommndations has given to the Government and regulators of financial and non-financial sectors to arm thm to cop ith such plausible issues in future

Evaluating the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of 5- benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol

Purpose: To evaluate 5-Benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (OXPA) for antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Methods: Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using three in vitro models, glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha amylase inhibition assay and hemoglobin glycosylation inhibition assays. Antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. Results: OXPA showed antidiabetic activity in all the three models. The activity of the compound was comparable with that of metronidazole in glucose uptake by yeast cells, but the alpha amylase inhibition activity of the compound was slightly lower than that of acarbose, whereas the hemoglobin glycosylation inhibition activity of the compound was higher than that of vitamin E. DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the compound was comparable with that of vitamin C. In reducing power assay, the activity of the compound was lower than that of vitamin C (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity indicate that OXPA may be a drugcandidate for treating both diabetes and its associated oxidative stress

Drought stress in plants: An overview on implications, tolerance mechanisms and agronomic mitigation strategies

Drought is considered as one of the major limiting factors affecting growth and productivity of crop plants. It severely affects the morphological and physiological activities of the plants and hampers the seed germination, root proliferation, biomass accumulation and final yield of field crops. Drought stress disrupts the biosynthesis of chlorophyll contents, carotene and decreases photosynthesis in plants. It gradually reduces CO2 assimilation rates owing to decrease in stomatal conductance. In addition, drought affects cell membrane stability and disrupts water relations of a plant by reducing water use efficiency. To cope with these situations, plants adopt different mechanisms such as drought tolerance, avoidance and escape. In this review, we discussed about the effects of drought on morphological and physiological characteristics of plants and suggested the different agronomic practices to overcome the deleterious effects of drought stress

Bryophyllum pinnatum: BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION, VERNACULAR NAMES, PARTS USED, TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHRMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Family: Crassulaceae) is a traditional herb that has widely been used for removal of kidney stones and is found to possess a number of pharmacological activities such as antiviral, antipyretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, diuretic, antiulcer, styptic, antidiabetic, astringent, antiseptic, antilithic, cough suppressant, anticancer, antihypertensive, fungitoxic and uterine relaxant. The plant contains flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, bufadienolides, saponins, coumarins, carotenoids, sitosterols, quinines, tocopherol and lectins. The flavonoids rutin, quercetin, luteolin and luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucoside detected in the plant might be a responsible factor for the anti-inflammatory effect. Diuretic and antioxidant activity of the plant could be responsible for its wide use against urolithiasis. Anthocyanidines could be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the plant. Kaempferol 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→2) α-l-rhamnopyranoside) and two other polar flavonoids (quercetin 3-O-α-l- arabinopyranosyl (1→2) α-l-rhamnopyranoside and 4′, 5-dihydroxy-3′, 8-dimethoxyflavone 7-O-β-d- glucopyranoside) are responsible for the antileshmanial activity. Bufodienolides are found to have cytotoxic property and hence might be responsible for the anticancer effect. The present study is undertaken to update and ease the researchers to get a comprehensive summary of the plant regarding its botanical description, common name, parts used, traditional uses, phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological activities