Aspects of air-sea interaction in atmosphere-ocean models

Air-sea interaction is governed by complex processes acting on a variety of spatial scales, which makes it extremely difficult to correctly represent these in ocean and atmosphere general circulation models. In this thesis some aspects of the representation of air-sea interaction in both forced ocean-only and coupled atmosphere-ocean models are being discussed from a new angle. Models of coarse and eddying resolution were used to demonstrate the effect of shortcomings and to present possible solutions to overcome these. Particular attention was paid to improving ocean hindcasts and the effect of mesoscale ocean features

Los gastos en el préstamo hipotecario: Tratamiento jurisdiccional y normativo

Es comúnmente sabido, que muchas veces, las entidades bancarias, aprovechan su posición de preeminencia y su fluidez de capital para sacar el máximo provecho económico en sus operaciones comerciales. El fin de este trabajo no es otro que hacer un estudio y con ello, orientar, a esos jóvenes (y no tan jóvenes) que pretenden adquirir una vivienda, o que, ya habiéndola adquirido, han socorrido unos gastos los cuales no tenían la obligación legal de satisfacer. Por tanto, trataré de hacer un estudio sobre la actualidad de la contratación de préstamos de crédito con garantía hipotecaria, para, saber con claridad, qué gastos hemos de sufragar como consumidores, y cuáles, han de repercutir sobre la entidad crediticia.Departamento de Derecho CivilGrado en Derech

Efeito da alta pressão na nucleação e crescimento de cristais do vidro Na2O · 2CaO · 3SiO2

O sistema Soda-cal-sílica possui grande importância na área tecnológica e científica, sendo vastamente utilizado como objeto de pesquisa, em especial na área de cinética de cristalização. A composição Na2O· 2CaO· 3SiO2 (N1C2S3) foi objeto de estudo deste trabalho, visto que ela apresenta nucleação homogênea, sem a presença de sítios preferenciais de nucleação, e rápida cristalização, não necessitando longos tempos de tratamento para a formação de cristais. A alta pressão é uma variável termodinâmica que pode gerar mudanças estruturais no material, logo, é interessante estudar o efeito da alta pressão sobre a cinética de cristalização do vidro N1C2S3. O objetivo deste trabalho era processar amostras em pressões de até 7,7 GPa em temperatura ambiente e, então, realizar tratamentos térmicos distintos de nucleação e crescimento de cristais a fim de estudar a cinética de cristalização do material após o processamento. Foi identificado que o aumento da pressão causa uma diminuição na taxa de nucleação estacionária, associada ao aumento do trabalho crítico para formação de um núcleo. O time-lag diminuiu com o aumento da pressão, entretanto, devido a um aumento da energia interfacial cristal-LSR observado, o raio crítico também deve ter aumentado e o coeficiente de difusão durante a nucleação aumentou com valores mais elevados de pressão. Finalmente, a taxa de crescimento de cristais diminuiu com o aumento da pressão e, por consequência, o coeficiente de difusão durante o crescimento também diminuiu.The Soda-lime-silicate system has great importance in the technological and scientific fields, as it is widely used as subject matter, specially in the kinetics of crystallization research area. The Na2O· 2CaO· 3SiO2 (N1C2S3) composition was used in this study, as it presents homogeneous nucleation, therefore it does not have preferential sites of nucleation, and rapid crystallization, not requiring long periods of heat treatments to form crystals. High pressure is a thermodynamic variable that can generate structural changes in the material, therefore, it can be interesting to study the effect off high pressures on the kinetics of crystallization of the N1C2S3 glass. The objective of this study is to process glassy samples under pressures up to 7.7 GPa in room temperature and, then, perform distinct nucleation and crystal growth heat treatments in order to study the crystallization after the high pressure processing. It was identified that a higher pressure value causes a decrease on the stationary nucleation rate, associated to an increase in the thermodynamic barrier for nucleation. The time-lag decreases as pressure is increased, however, due to an increase in the crystal-SCL interfacial energy observed, the critical radius must increase, and the diffusion coefficient during nucleation increased with higher pressure values. Finally, crystal growth rates decreased with higher pressure values, as did the diffusion coefficient during crystal growth

Prevalencia de errores refractivos en ópticas de la ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina

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Feedback of mesoscale ocean currents on atmospheric winds in high-resolution coupled models and implications for the forcing of ocean-only models

The repercussions of surface ocean currents for the near-surface wind and the air-sea momentum flux are investigated in two versions of a global climate model with eddying ocean. The focus is on the effect of mesoscale ocean current features at scales of less than 150 km, by considering high-pass filtered, monthly-mean model output fields. We find a clear signature of a mesoscale oceanic imprint in the wind fields over the energetic areas of the oceans, particularly along the extensions of the western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. These areas are characterized by a positive correlation between mesoscale perturbations in the curl of the surface currents and the wind curl. The coupling coefficients are spatially non-uniform and show a pronounced seasonal cycle. The positive feedback of mesoscale current features on the near-surface wind acts in opposition to their damping effect on the wind stress. A tentative incorporation of this feedback in the surface stress formulation of an eddy-permitting global ocean-only model leads to a gain in the kinetic energy of up to 10 %, suggesting a fundamental shortcoming of present ocean model configurations

Actividad insecticida del aceite esencial de Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown sobre Tribolium castaneum Herbst. en granos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)

Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) es un insecto plaga de granos, muy destructivo en la etapa de almacenamiento y altamente resistente a los fitosanitarios sintéticos. Por esta razón su control químico se realiza con altas concentraciones de insecticidas que aumentan la contaminación ambiental y los peligros para la salud humana. Las tendências actuales en el manejo integrado de plagas se orientan hacia el uso de plaguicidas biológicos o biopesticidas como los extractos vegetales, que no generan resistencia y son de baja toxicidad. En ese sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la actividad repelente e insecticida del aceite esencial de Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) quimiotipo carvona-limoneno sobre adultos de T. castaneum, en granos de trigo. La repelencia fue evaluada a las 2 y 24 h y a los 7, 14 y 21 días utilizando un olfatómetro y una concentración Del aceite esencial de 52 μL L-1 de aire. La determinación del efecto insecticida se realizó por las técnicas de pulverización y de impregnación de papel con el aceite esencial a concentraciones de 131, 263 y 526 μL L-1 de aire, registrándose la mortalidad a las 24 h y a los 7 días post tratamiento. La repelencia que produjo el aceite fue significativa a altamente significativa con respecto al control y para todos los períodos analizados. En relación a la mortalidad, comparando las técnicas de aplicación del aceite esencial empleando la mayor concentración, a las 24 h se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas a favor de la pulverización, mientras que a los 7 días no existieron diferencias entre ambos métodos. Se concluye que el aceite esencial de L. alba representaría una alternativa no contaminante para prevenir y controlar el ataque de adultos de T. castaneum en granos almacenados

Improving Indicators of Hydrological Alteration in Regulated and Complex Water Resources Systems: A Case Study in the Duero River Basin

[EN] Assessing the health of hydrological systems is vital for the conservation of river ecosystems. The indicators of hydrologic alteration are among the most widely used parameters. They have been traditionally assessed at the scale of river reaches. However, the use of such indicators at the basin scale is relevant for water resource management since there is an urgent need to meet environmental objectives to mitigate the effects of present and future climatic conditions. This work proposes a methodology to estimate the indicators of hydrological alteration at the basin scale in regulated systems based on simulations with a water allocation model. The methodology is illustrated through a case study in the Iberian Peninsula (the Duero River basin), where different minimum flow scenarios were defined, assessing their effects on both the hydrological alteration and the demand guarantees. The results indicate that it is possible to improve the hydrological status of some subsystems of the basin without affecting the water demand supplies. Thus, the methodology presented in this work will help decision makers to optimize water management while improving the hydrological status of the river basins.This research was funded by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI), grant number PID2019-106322RB-100; AEI/10.13039/501100011033. R.J.B. was partly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research contract IJC2019-038848-I.Pardo-Loaiza, J.; Solera Solera, A.; Bergillos, RJ.; Paredes Arquiola, J.; Andreu Álvarez, J. (2021). Improving Indicators of Hydrological Alteration in Regulated and Complex Water Resources Systems: A Case Study in the Duero River Basin. Water. 13(19):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192676118131

Ansiedad, depresión y autoestima en población general, transeúntes y consumidores de sustancias adictivas

Los trastornos por uso de sustancias coexisten en algunos pacientes con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas de ansiedad y del estado de ánimo, a su vez variables como la autoestima guardan una estrecha relación en el curso y evolución de éstos. En el presente estudio se investiga los trastornos por consumo de sustancias, el transeuntismo y los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y autoestima. La investigación se desarrolla en la ciudad de Castellón con un total de 258 sujetos, divididos en un grupo clínico subdividido en consumidores de cocaína, heroína, heroína combinada con cocaína, cannabis, alcohol y sujetos en programa de mantenimiento con metadona (PMM), un grupo de población general y otro grupo de transeúntes, evaluados mediante el cuestionario STAI, BDI, RSES y una entrevista que recoge aspectos biopsicosociales y clínicos. Los resultados mostraron una mayor gravedad clínica en depresión y ansiedad rasgo en consumidores de heroína inhalada, así como una mayor ansiedad estado y menor autoestima en el grupo de transeúntes. Se puede desprender de los resultados que el consumo de sustancias correlaciona con mayores niveles de ansiedad rasgo y depresión, así como la exclusión social con una menor percepción de autoestima y mayor ansiedad estado.Substance use disorders coexist in some patients with different clinical manifestations of anxiety and mood, in turn variables as self-esteem keep a narrow relation in the course and evolution of these. The present study investigates the relationship between the substance use disorders, the homelessness and the levels of anxiety, depression and self-esteem. Research is carried out in the city of Castellón, with a total of 258 subjects, divided into a clinical group subdivided into cocaine, heroin, heroin combined with cocaine, cannabis, alcohol users and patients in methadone maintenance program (MMP), an general population group and a group of homeless, evaluated through the questionnaire STAI, BDI, RSES and an interview that gathers biopsychosocial and clinical aspects. Results showed a more severe clinical depression and trait anxiety in consumers of inhaled heroin, as well as increased state anxiety and lower self-esteem in the group of homeless. It can be inferred from the results that the substance use correlates with higher levels of trait anxiety and depression and social exclusion with a lower perception of self-esteem and increased anxiety state