Mot patientvänliga epikriser. En kontrastiv undersökning

Pro gradu -tutkielman Mot patientvänligare epikriser aiheena on epikriisien, eli hoidon loppulausuntojen ymmärrettävyys sydänpotilaiden näkökulmasta. Lain mukaan potilaalla on oikeus lukea omaa potilaskertomustaan, joten se on kirjoitettava ymmärrettävällä kielellä. Suomessa epikriisi lähetetään potilaalle tämän kotiuduttua sairaalasta. Ruotsissa potilaat eivät saa epikriisiä, mutta saattavat lähitulevaisuudessa saada luvan tarkastella koko sähköistä potilaskertomustaan internetissä. Vertailevaan haastattelututkimukseen osallistui 16 ruotsalaista ja 15 suomalaista sydänpotilasta vuosina 2011 ja 2012. Metodin kehittämiseksi tehtiin myös pilottitutkimus, johon osallistui kolme suomalaista potilasta. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää miten potilaat ymmärtävät epikriisien kieltä ja sisältöä, minkälaiset seikat vaikeuttavat ymmärtämistä ja miten sitä voitaisiin parantaa. Tutkimus tehtiin osana kieliteknologiaan erikoistuneiden Ikitik-konsortion ja HEXAnord-tutkijaverkoston laajempaa tutkimusta. Haastatteluiden pohjana käytettiin molemmissa maissa kahta autenttista, mutta anonymisoitua sydäninfarktipotilaan epikriisiä. Osallistujat saivat lukea yhden kahdesta epikriisistä ja merkitä siihen itselleen epäselvät tai täysin vieraat sanat tai kokonaisuudet. Näiden merkintöjen lisäksi haastatteluissa käytiin myös yleisemmin läpi epikriisien merkitystä potilaille. Taustatietoa potilaista ja strukturoitua tietoa heidän suhtautumisestaan epikriiseihin kerättiin haastatteluiden jälkeen jaetulla taustatietolomakkeella. Niin epikriisien käyttöön kuin tutkimuksen toteuttamiseen saatiin tarvittavat luvat. Tutkimuksessa kerätty aineisto analysoitiin fenomenologista metodia käyttäen. Suomessa potilaat pitivät epikriisiä erittäin tärkeänä tiedonlähteenä. Myös ruotsalaiset potilaat toivoivat saavansa tietoa sairautensa kulusta kirjallisesti, esimerkiksi juuri epikriisin muodossa. Epikriisien nykyinen muoto ei kuitenkaan ole potilasystävällinen. Erityisesti ruotsalaisilla potilailla oli halu ymmärtää epikriisiä, mikä johti arvauksiin ja väärinymmärryksiin. Molemmissa maissa ymmärrystä haittasivat ennen kaikkea lääketieteen termit ja lyhenteet, mutta myös jotkin yleiskielen sanat. Sekä suomalaiset että ruotsalaiset potilaat pitivät parhaana vaihtoehtona, että ammattitermit paitsi korvattaisiin yleiskielen sanoilla myös täydennettäisiin selityksillä.Siirretty Doriast

Predictive equations over-estimate the resting energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients who are dependent on invasive ventilation support

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a form of degenerative motor neuron disease. At the end stage of the disease artificial feeding is often required. Nevertheless, very little is known about the energy demand of those ALS patients who are chronically dependent on tracheostomy intermittent positive pressure ventilation. The objective of our study was to clarify the resting energy expenditure (REE) in mechanically ventilated ALS patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We measured the REE of five ALS patients (four men, one female) twice during a 12 month-period using indirect calorimetry with two sampling flow settings (40 L/min and 80 L/min). The measured REEs (mREE) were compared with values calculated using five different predictive equations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean (± SD) of all mREEs was 1130 ± 170 kcal/d. The measurements with different flow settings and at different time instances provided similar results. The mean of mREEs was 33.6% lower, as compared to the mean calculated with five different predictive equations REE (p < 0.001). Each of the predictive equations over-estimated the REE.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The mREE values were significantly lower for every patient than all the predicted ones. Determination of daily nutrition with predictive equations may therefore lead in mis-estimation of energy requirements. Because ALS patients may live years with artificial ventilation their nutritional support should be based on individual measurements. However, further study is needed due to the small number of subjects.</p

Predictive equations over-estimate the resting energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients who are dependent on invasive ventilation support

BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a form of degenerative motor neuron disease. At the end stage of the disease artificial feeding is often required. Nevertheless, very little is known about the energy demand of those ALS patients who are chronically dependent on tracheostomy intermittent positive pressure ventilation. The objective of our study was to clarify the resting energy expenditure (REE) in mechanically ventilated ALS patients.MethodsWe measured the REE of five ALS patients (four men, one female) twice during a 12 month-period using indirect calorimetry with two sampling flow settings (40 L/min and 80 L/min). The measured REEs (mREE) were compared with values calculated using five different predictive equations.ResultsThe mean (± SD) of all mREEs was 1130 ± 170 kcal/d. The measurements with different flow settings and at different time instances provided similar results. The mean of mREEs was 33.6% lower, as compared to the mean calculated with five different predictive equations REE (p ConclusionsThe mREE values were significantly lower for every patient than all the predicted ones. Determination of daily nutrition with predictive equations may therefore lead in mis-estimation of energy requirements. Because ALS patients may live years with artificial ventilation their nutritional support should be based on individual measurements. However, further study is needed due to the small number of subjects.</p

Tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blocking drugs in children

No abstract available

Is the effect of non-invasive ventilation on survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis age-dependent?

Background Hypoventilation due to respiratory muscle atrophy is the most common cause of death as a result of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Patients aged over 65&nbsp;years and presenting bulbar symptoms are likely to have a poorer prognosis. The aim of the study was to assess the possible impact of age and treatment with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) on survival in ALS. Based on evidence from earlier studies, it was hypothesized that NIV increases rates of survival regardless of age. Methods Eighty-four patients diagnosed with ALS were followed up on from January 2001 to June 2012. These patients were retrospectively divided into two groups according to their age at the time of diagnosis: Group 1 comprised patients aged&thinsp;&le;&thinsp;65&nbsp;years while Group 2 comprised those aged&thinsp;&gt;&thinsp;65&nbsp;years. Each group included 42 patients. NIV was tolerated by 23 patients in Group 1 and 18 patients in Group 2. Survival was measured in months from the date of diagnosis. Results The median age in Group 1 was 59&nbsp;years (range 49 &ndash; 65) and 76&nbsp;years in Group 2 (range 66 &ndash; 85). Among patients in Group 1 there was no difference in probability of survival between the NIV users and non-users (Hazard Ratio&thinsp;=&thinsp;0.88, 95% CI 0.44 &ndash; 1.77, p&thinsp;=&thinsp;0.7). NIV users in Group 2 survived longer than those following conventional treatment (Hazard Ratio&thinsp;=&thinsp;0.25, CI 95% 0.11 &ndash; 0.55, p &lt;0.001). ALS patients in Group 2 who did not use NIV had a 4-fold higher risk for death compared with NIV users. Conclusions This retrospective study found that NIV use was associated with improved survival outcomes in ALS patients older than 65&nbsp;years. Further studies in larger patient populations are warranted to determine which factors modify survival outcomes in ALS. &nbsp;</p

A comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in third molar surgery

This randomised, double-blind study compared dexmedetomidine and midazolam for intravenous sedation during third molar surgery under local anaesthesia. Sixty patients received either dexmedetomidine (up to 1 microg x kg(-1)) or midazolam (up to 5 mg), which was infused until the Ramsay Sedation Score was four or the maximum dose limit was reached. Intra-operative vital signs, postoperative pain scores and analgesic consumption, amnesia, and satisfaction scores for patients and surgeons, were recorded. Sedation was achieved by median (IQR (range)) doses of 47 microg (39-52 (25-76)) or 0.88 microg x kg(-1) (0.75-1.0 (0.6-1.0)) dexmedetomidine, and 3.6 mg (3.3-4.4 (1.9-5.0)) or 0.07 mg x kg(-1) (0.055-0.085 (0.017-0.12)) midazolam. Heart rate and blood pressure during surgery were lower in dexmedetomidine group. There was no significant difference in satisfaction or pain scores. Midazolam was associated with greater amnesia. Dexmedetomidine produces comparable sedation to midazolam.postprin

Using respiratory rate and thoracic movement to assess respiratory insufficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a preliminary study

ackgroundHypoventilation due to respiratory insufficiency is the most common cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be used as a palliative treatment. The current guidelines recommend performing spirometry, and recording nocturnal oxyhemoglobin saturation and arterial blood gas analysis to assess the severity of the hypoventilation. We examined whether the respiratory rate and thoracic movement were reliable preliminary clinical signs in the development of respiratory insufficiency in patients with ALS.MethodsWe measured the respiratory rate and thoracic movement, performed respiratory function tests and blood gas analysis, and recorded subjective hypoventilation symptoms in 42 ALS patients over a 7-year period. We recommended NIV if the patient presented with hypoventilation matching the current guidelines. We divided patients retrospectively into two groups: those to whom NIV was recommended within 6 months of the diagnosis (Group 1) and those to whom NIV was recommended 6 months after the diagnosis (Group 2). We used the Mann Whitney U test for comparisons between the two groups.ResultsThe mean partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide in the morning in Group 1 was 6.3 (95% confidence interval 5.6–6.9) kPa and in Group 2 5.3 (5.0–5.6) kPa (p = 0.007). The mean respiratory rate at the time of diagnosis in Group 1 was 21 (18–24) breaths per minute and 16 (14–18) breaths per minute in Group 2 (p = 0.005). The mean thoracic movement was 2.9 (2.2–3.6) cm in Group 1 and 4.0 (3.4–4.8) cm in Group 2 (p = 0.01). We observed no other differences between the groups.ConclusionsPatients who received NIV within six months of the diagnosis of ALS had higher respiratory rates and smaller thoracic movement compared with patients who received NIV later. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to establish if these measurements can be used as a marker of hypoventilation in ALS.</p

Elämää ylläpitävän pitkäaikaisen invasiivisen hengitystukihoidon esiintyvyys Suomessa

English summaryPeer reviewe