EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM PICOLINATE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERGLYCEMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPE 2 DIABETIC RATS

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) on diabetes, one of the most common and fatal diseases in the world, and its associated oxidative damages.Methods: CrPic (100 μg/kg) and metformin (1000 mg/kg) were orally administered for 21 days in rats with nicotinamide + streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetes.Results: Significant decreases in fasting blood glucose levels were observed 14 days after initial administration in both CrPic (p<0.01) and metformin (p<0.001) groups compared with a diabetic control group (DC). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of all tissues were significantly higher in the DC group than in a normoglycemic control group (p<0.001). MDA levels of the CrPic group significantly decreased in heart (p<0.05) and liver (p<0.01) tissues. Glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels in heart, kidney, and liver tissues increased in CrPic group (GSH p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.01; CAT p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.05, respectively). Superoxide dismutase enzyme levels significantly increased in CrPic group in the liver tissue (p>0.001), but no such changes were observed in heart and kidney tissues (p>0.05).Conclusion: The results obtained from this study indicate that CrPic may be effective in alleviating hyperglycemia and its consequent oxidative damage in experimental Type 2 diabetes

Effects of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress, immunreactivity of iNOS and impaired thoracic aortic reactivity induced by type II diabetes in rats

Type II diabetes is known to cause neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. However, cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes have been ignored. In traditional medicine, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) bark has been used for its abilities to relieve fever, inflammation and chronic bronchitis. In the present study, the effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract (CN) on the thoracic aorta in an experimental type II diabetes model was investigated. In rats administered with nicotinamide + streptozotocin, significant endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress were characterised by increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased insulin/proinsulin levels. This impairment was prevented by administering 1000 mg/kg metformin or 500-1000-1500 mg/kg CN. CN administration attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and increasing Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH). In addition, CN administration was shown to cause down-regulating effects on iNOS in thoracic aorta. These findings reveal that CN could prevent chronic complications of experimentally induced type II diabetes by attenuating inflammation, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and normalised contraction and relaxion responses in the thoracic aorta

Effectiveness of Exosomes in the Immune Cascade

In order to treat and/or control a disease or prevent its occurrence, first of all, physiological pathways must be understood very well. In the previous 10 years, there has been a lot of interest in the function of exosomes in intercellular communication, particularly in studies on cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. This has led to plenty of research in this area. Exosomes are tiny transmembrane vesicles that are produced by endocytosis and are found in a variety of bodily fluids, including blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and breast milk. They are also released by a variety of tissues. Exosomes have a varied composition depending on where they come from, but they are often rich in cytosolic and cell surface proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA. In recent years, the interactions between exosomes and the immune system have been frequently studied. However, despite all the researches, the physiological purposes of exosomes are still largely unclear

<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:HI;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">Effects of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L. seed extract and chromium picolinate supplementation in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats</span>

447-452<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">Our objective was to determine the effects of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract and chromium picolinate in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. We used 60 female Sprague Dawley rats aged between 2-3 months, who were divided into 6 groups: control (C);vehicle received physiological saline solution intraperitoneally (i.p.) + physiological saline solution orally, diabetescontrol group (DC); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p. + physiological saline solution orally, T. foenum-graecum (TFG); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p + 150 mg/kg TFG seed extract orally, chromium picolinate (Crpic); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p + 30 µg/kg Chromium picolinate orally, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">T. foenum-graecum + chromium picolinate (TFG+Crpic); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p. + received 150 mg/kg TFG + 30 µg/kg Crpic orally, insulin (I); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p. + 1 IU insulin subcutaneously. The treatment lasted for 21 days. On the 14th and 21st days, we found a decrease in theFBG of animals treated with insulin, TFG, TFG + Crpic combined (all p ˂ 0.001), and Crpic (p < 0.01) compared with the diabetes control group. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the plasma triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels after a treatment with Crpic, I, TFG, and TFG+Crpic compared with diabetes control group (p < 0.001). Administration of TFG+Crpic caused a significant increase in plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (p ˂ 0.05) compared with diabetes control group. There was a significant decrease in the plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level after a treatment with Crpic (p < 0.05). The TFG, TFG and Crpic combined, and insulin treatment significantly increased the insulin-positive β cells compared with diabetes control group (p ˂ 0.001). These results show that the TFG extract may have an insulinotropic effect on the β cells of the islets of Langerhans, or may prevent the damage of the pancreatic β cells. Crpic did not stimulate insulin secretion from the β cells in the Langerhans islets. We concluded that Crpic may exert its antihyperglycemic effects by facilitating the interaction between insulin and its receptor. It is recommended that the TFG seed extract and Crpic supplements may help in alleviating or reducing the hyperglycemia-related chronic complications of diabetes.</span

Rethinking Asylum Policies in the EU lessons from the Syrian refugee Crisis

The Syrian refugee crisis at the doorstep of the EU once more demonstrated the inadequacies of the EU member states as regards their commitments to asylum and international protection. While little progress has been achieved in terms of EU’s aims to have a Common European Asylum System, it is observed that EU is more likely externalising its asylum practices towards non-member third countries in a securitized context which creates more challenges across a broad region including the EU’s immediate neighbourhood. Externalisation that occurs in the form of mainly shifting and keeping asylum applications out of Europe creates significant negative externalities on non-member neighbouring countries that are left alone to host many asylum seekers and undertake the huge economic and social burden. Accordingly, the paper argues the EU’s common practice of externalisation of asylum practices with reference to the case of the Syrian refugee crisis

Effects of different doses of <em>Prunus laurocerasus</em> L. leaf extract on oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia induced by type I diabetes

430-436The fruits and leaves of the Prunus laurocerasus (PL) plant are used in traditional medicine for many purposes because of their anti-diabetic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of PL leaf extract on experimental type I diabetes. Different doses PL extracts were administered orally for 25 days to rats. Biochemical and immune histochemical analyses were performed at the end of the study. Antioxidant test results showed that the PL had a very high antioxidant capacity. The study also revealed that different doses of PL increased SOD (p < 0.001) and GSH (p < 0.05 in PL500 group) levels but decreased TBARS (p < 0.001) levels in the kidney tissue. Significant increases were noted in the SOD levels of liver tissue (p < 0.01). In addition, HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) significantly increased while LDL (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively) and TG levels (p < 0.05 in PL1000 and PL1500 groups) decreased when the PL groups were compared with the DC group. Eventually, the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of PL were not determined. However, PL was found to be highly effective in reducing oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia. Based on the current study, PL leaf extract may be useful in preventing hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress, which are chronic complications of diabetes

Effects of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress, immunreactivity of iNOS and impaired thoracic aortic reactivity induced by type II diabetes in rats

Type II diabetes is known to cause neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. However, cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes have been ignored. In traditional medicine, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) bark has been used for its abilities to relieve fever, inflammation and chronic bronchitis. In the present study, the effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract (CN) on the thoracic aorta in an experimental type II diabetes model was investigated. In rats administered with nicotinamide + streptozotocin, significant endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress were characterised by increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased insulin/proinsulin levels. This impairment was prevented by administering 1000 mg/kg metformin or 500-1000-1500 mg/kg CN. CN administration attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and increasing Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH). In addition, CN administration was shown to cause down-regulating effects on iNOS in thoracic aorta. These findings reveal that CN could prevent chronic complications of experimentally induced type II diabetes by attenuating inflammation, oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and normalised contraction and relaxion responses in the thoracic aorta

Anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Momordica charantia </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">L. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats </span>

382-386The study was aimed to determine the effects of Momordica charantia (MC) on fasting blood glucose levels, oxidative stress and plasma lipid profile in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered MC extract (200 mg/kg) and subcutaneous insulin (1 IU) for 21 days. MC and insulin treated groups showed a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose levels from the 7th day (p < 0.001). There were no differences in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There was a decrease in the LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with MC and insulin reduced in the erythrocyte TOS levels (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in plasma and erythrocyte TAS levels between the untreated diabetic group and MC group. The anti-hyperlipidaemic property of the MC extract was determined, while the more antioxidant and anti-hyperglycaemic features of the insulin was observed. Based on this information, it is considered that it will be more effective to use MC and exogenous insulin in combination for preventing complications such as oxidative stress and, hyperlipidaemia shaped by diabetes

The protective effect of rutin and quercetin on 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objective: To investigate the effects of quercetin (Q) and rutin on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: The control group was corn oil. The 5-FU group rats were corn oil and injected intraperitoneal 5-FU 50 mg/kg. Groups rutin 50 + 5-FU and rutin 100 + 5-FU were respectively 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg rutin. These groups were given 5-FU (50 mg/kg) in the 18th day. The group rutin 100 was rutin (100 mg/kg i.g.). Groups Q50 + 5-FU and Q100 + 5-FU were respectively 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg quercetin. These groups were given 5-FU (50 mg/kg) in the 18th day of quercetin application. The group Q100 was quercetin (100 mg/kg i.g.). In the end of experimental applications, blood was collected from anesthetized rats. Results: The MDA level was significantly higher in the 5-FU group compared with control group, and determined to be decreased in other groups. GPx and GSH levels were significantly decreased in the 5-FU group compared to the control, rutin 100 + 5-FU and Q100 + 5-FU groups. AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels in the serum were significantly increased in the 5-FU group compared with the other groups. The results from this analysis show that while the caspase-3 level increases in the 5-FU group, it decreases in the Q50 + 5-FU, Q100 + 5-FU, rutin 50 + 5-FU and rutin 100 + 5-FU groups. Bcl-2 level decreased in the 5-FU group compared to the control group, but increased in the rutin 100 + 5-FU, Q50 + 5-FU and Q100 + 5-FU groups. Conclusions: In this study it was determined that the rutin and Q have protective effects on 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity