Evaluación clínica de la tolerabilidad, seguridad y efectividad antihipertensiva de un extracto estandarizado de Hibiscus sabdariffa (jamaica) en pacientes ambulatorios

BACKGROUND: With basis on the World Health Organization (WHO) report, the prevalence of hypertension (HT) is of 900 million patients in the world. Mexico contributes with 15.2 million. The treatment of HT is useful to prevent the acute and chronic complications and to reduce mortality. Calyx of the plant species Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae), commonly known as “jamaica” or “flor de jamaica”, is used in different cultures around the world to prepare drinks with antihypertensive properties. Pharmacological tests have demonstrated this effect, probable produced through a diuretic activity and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Recently, we published a clinical trial that confirmed the antihypertensive effect of H. sabdariffa: Patients with HT were daily treated, for 4 weeks, with an infusion of 10 g of dry calyxes of H. sabdariffa in 0.5 L of hot water (containing 9.6 mg of total anthocyanins). Blood pressure (BP) was diminished from 139.05/90.81 to 123.73/79.52 mm Hg. It was also evidenced an increment of the urinary excretion of sodium. At the moment, a phytopharmaceutical, prepared with a dry aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa (standardized on 10 mg of anthocyanins per dose) has been developed. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effectiveness, tolerability and safety, as well as, the effect on the serum electrolytes and the inhibitory effect on ACE of the H. Sabdariffa phytopharmaceutical with lisinopril, in patients with stage 1 or 2 HT. SUBJECTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: Through a randomized, double blind and controlled clinical trial, patients of either sex, with an age of 25 to 61 years old, with diagnosed stage 1 or 2 HT, and without antihypertensive treatment were daily treated, for 4 weeks, with the phytopharmaceutical (experimental group), or with lisinopril 10 mg (control group). Variable outcomes were: therapeutic effectiveness (diastolic blood pressure reduction ≥ 10 mm Hg); (absence of pathological changes in the biochemical tests of hepatic and renal function); tolerability (absence of intense or severe side effects); therapeutic success (all patients at the end of the treatment with therapeutic effectiveness plus tolerability, and safety); changes of the serum electrolytes; and inhibition effect on the ACE. Statistical analysis includes the ANOVA for continuous variables and X2 for the categorical ones; stratified analysis was used for dichotomized confounding variables. Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: 193 subjects were included (100 in the experimental group), 22 were eliminated because of a lack of treatment adherence and other reasons. Final analysis included 171 subjects (86 in the experimental group), 168 that concludes the study and 3 exclusions; two by hypertensive crisis (one by group); and other one by angioneurotic oedema (in the control group). Basal conditions did not evidence significant differences (p > 0.11) between groups. Results showed that the experimental treatment decreased the BP from 146.48/97.77 to 129.89/85.96 mm Hg, obtaining an absolute reduction of 17.14/11.97 mm Hg and 11.58/12.21 % (ANOVA p 0.11). Al final del estudio, el tratamiento experimental disminuyó la PA de 146.48/97.77 a 129.89/85.96 mm Hg, logrando una reducción absoluta de 17.14/11.97 mm Hg y porcentual de 11.58/12.21 % (ANOVA p < 0.05); sin embargo, estas reducciones fueron menores que las obtenidas con lisinopril (ANOVA p < 0.05). Los desenlaces con los tratamientos experimental y control fueron: efectividad terapéutica 65.12 y 82.14% (Chi2 p = 0.01); tolerabilidad 100 y 98.81% (Chi2 p = 0.31); seguridad 100% en ambos grupos, éxitos terapéuticos 65.12 y 81.18% (Chi2 p = 0.01). Con el tratamiento experimental, el cloro sérico aumentó de 91.71 a 95.13 mmol/L (ANOVA p = 0.0001), el sodio mostró franca tendencia a disminuir de 139.09 a 137.35 (ANOVA p = 0.07) y el potasio no se modificó. Bajo el tratamiento exprimental la actividad de ECA plasmática se redujo de 44.049 a 30.1 Us (ANOVA p=0.0001); al compararla con la obtenida con el control, existieron diferencias a favor de lisinopril (ANOVA p = 0.0001). El análisis estratificado del grupo experimental, mostró que los no alcohólicos redujeron más la PA que los alcohólicos (Chi2 p = 0.02), así como tendencia a mayor efectividad terapéutica en los pacientes que ingresaron con HAS en etapa 1 (Chi2 p = 0.10). CONCLUSIÓN. El fitofármaco de H. sabdariffa en pacientes con HAS etapas 1 y 2, igual que el lisinopril, mostró tolerabilidad y seguridad del 100% y en suero aumentó el cloro y redujo el sodio sin modificar el potasio. Además, logró 65.12% de efectividad terapéutica y redujo 29.75% la actividad de la ECA, ambos de menor magnitud que lisinopril

USE OF ANTIFUNGAL SAPONIN SC-2 OF SOLANUM CHRYSOTRICHUM FOR THE TREATMENT OF VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS: IN VITRO STUDIES AND CLINICAL EXPERIENCES

Saponin SC-2 from Solanum chrysotrichum showed antifungal activity, demonstrated in vitro, which inhibited the growth of dermatophytes, and in vivo, to be effective in the treatment against tinea pedis and pityriasis capitis. Fungistatic and fungicidal activity of saponin SC-2 on Candida albicans and other Candida species, fluconazole and ketoconazole resistaent strains was demostrated. SC-2-associated ultrastructural alterations in several Candida species were observed. An exploratory clinical, randomized, double-blind, and controlled ketoconazole study of ketoconazole was conducted with the aim of assessing the effectiveness and tolerability of an herbal medicinal product containing SC-2, on women with Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). The results exhibited a percentage of therapeutic clinical effectiveness similar to that of ketoconazole (X2, p ≥0.30), but obtained a smaller percentage of mycological effectiveness, and 100% tolerability. In conclusion, saponin SC-2 possesses fungicidale and fungistatic activity on Candida albicans and other multi resistant Candida species, causes morphological changes and fungal death, and it is an alternative therapy for the treatment of VVC

Hipercolesterolemia y el polimorfismo del gen SR-B1

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. The onset of these cardiovascular diseases depends on genetic and environmental factors, where lipid abnormalities, especially dyslipidemia, have a high prevalence in adulthood related to increased obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this sense, the SR-B1 receptor plays an important role in the purification of cholesterol and the selective absorption of HDL located mainly in the liver and also in steroid tissues, by apo A-I, and cholesterol ester are transported in a selective to cells, Although the particle itself, even apo A-I, is not captured by the tissues, but about cholesterol leaving the cells through HDL, which is then carried to the liver for excretion by bile. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge of the possible association between hypercholesterolemia and 3 polymorphisms (Single Nucleotide Polimorphism; SNP), of the SR-B1 or SCARB1 gene, located on chromosome 12: the SNP’s of exon 1, intron 5 and exon 8.Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la primera causa de muerte alrededor del mundo. Su aparición depende de factores genéticos y ambientales, donde, las anomalías lipídicas, específicamente las dislipidemias, presentan elevada prevalencia en la edad adulta relacionadas al incremento de la obesidad y síndrome metabólico. En este sentido, el receptor SR-B1&nbsp; lleva acabo un papel importante en la depuración del colesterol y la captación selectiva de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) localizadas mayoritariamente en el hígado y en tejidos esteroidogénicos, a través de la apolipoproteina-A (apo A-I) y el colesterol éster, se lleva de manera mas selectiva en las células, se sabe que la apo A-I, no es captada por parte de los tejidos, sino,&nbsp; por el colesterol que sale de las células a través de la HDL, que enseguida es llevado hacia el hígado para su excreción mediante la bilis. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar el conocimiento actual de la posible asociación entre la hipercolesterolemia y 3 polimorfismos (Single Nucleótide Polimorphism; SNP), del gen SR-B1 o SCARB1, localizado en el cromosoma 12: los SNP’s del exón 1, del intrón 5 y en el exón 8

Asociación de las dislipidemias con el SNP rs5888 (exón 8) del gen SR-B1

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death from non-communicable diseases in the world, with dyslipidemia appearing as a frequent irregularity and main risk factor. The SCARB1 gene encodes the SR-B1 receptor, which is involved in cholesterol clearance and selective HDL uptake. SR-B1 overexpression decreases HDL-C and atherosclerosis, while its absence increases HDL-C and increases atherosclerosis. Aim. To identify the type of association of dyslipidemias with the rs5888 SNP of the SRB1 gene (exon 8) in an apparently healthy population from the state of Morelos, Mexico. Methodology. From a total of 258 samples, DNA was extracted for its purification and quantification, then exon 8 was genotyped using real-time PCR and using the applied biosystems software, genotypic associations (with SNPs and without SNPs) were performed using the Odds Ratio statistical test. Results. 72.87% of the studied population presented dyslipidemia, with hypoαlipoproteinemia being the most frequent, mostly in men (78.19%). A borderline protective association was found for hypoαlipoproteinemia in those with the rs5888 SNP and a risk association for hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, concluding that a change in the same gene may increase or decrease the probability of developing cardiovascular diseases.Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la primera causa de muerte de las enfermedades no transmisibles en el mundo, figurando las dislipidemias como una irregularidad frecuente y principal factor de riesgo. El gen SCARB1 codifica el receptor SR-B1, el cual participa en la depuración del colesterol y captación selectiva de HDL. La sobre expresión del SR-B1 disminuye el HDL-C y la aterosclerosis, mientras que su ausencia incrementa el HDL-C y eleva la aterosclerosis. Objetivo. Identificar el tipo de asociación de las dislipidemias con el SNP rs5888 del gen SRB1 (exón 8) en población aparentemente sana del estado de Morelos México. Metodología. De un total de 258 muestras, se extrajo ADN para su purificación y cuantificación, posteriormente se realizó la genotipificación del exón 8 mediante PCR en tiempo real y utilizando el software applied biosystems, las asociaciones genotípicas (con SNP y sin SNP) se realizaron por la prueba estadística de Razón de Momios. Resultados. El 72.87 % de la población estudiada presenta dislipidemias, siendo la hipoαlipoproteinemia la más frecuente, mayormente en hombres (78.19 %). Se encontró asociación protectora limítrofe para hipoαlipoproteinemia quienes presenten el SNP rs5888 y asociación de riesgo en hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia, concluyendo que un cambio en el mismo gen, pueden aumentar o disminuir la probabilidad de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares

Lo tangible e intangible del diseño

1 archivo PDF (366 páginas)"El Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño, en el Tiempo de la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, publica este libro colectivo, donde se aborda la discusión y el análisis sobre "Lo tangible e intangible del diseño". Este libro tiene como finalidad el profundizar en distintas posiciones teóricas, metodológicas y empíricas, donde un grupo interdisciplinario de profesores investigadores del Departamento de Evaluación, desde la arquitectura, los estudios urbanos, la educación, la historia, la semiótica, el diseño de la comunicación gráfica y el industrial; buscan convergencias y discuten divergencias que puedan generar servir como referentes intelectuales y teóricos, en el diseño. Este libro es resultado del Cuarto Coloquio Departamental: Lo tangible e Intangible del Diseño. Evaluación de Objetos, Espacios, Mensajes, realizado durante el mes de septiembre del año 2004, el cual se constituyó como un espacio para el intercambio de experiencias académicas y profesionales, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, centrada en la reflexión y la discusión sobre la manera de cómo se puede analizar, definir y evaluar, lo tangible y lo intangible en el diseño"

Identification of Digestive Enzyme Inhibitors from Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven

Current antiobesity and antidiabetic tools have been insufficient to curb these diseases and frequently cause side effects; therefore, new pancreatic lipase and α–glucosidase inhibitors could be excellent aids for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. The aim of this study was to identify, quantify, and characterize the chemical compounds with the highest degree of inhibitory activity of these enzymes, contained in a Ludwigia octovalvis hydroalcoholic extract. Chemical purification was performed by liquid–liquid separation and column chromatography. Inhibitory activities were measured in vitro, employing acarbose, orlistat, and a Camellia sinensis hydroalcoholic extract as references. For structural elucidation, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was carried out, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to quantify the compounds. For α–glucosidases, L. octovalvis hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction showed half–maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values of 700 and 250 μg/mL, for lipase, 480 and 718 μg/mL, while C. sinensis showed 260 and 587 μg/mL. The most active compounds were identified as ethyl gallate (1, IC50 832 μM) and gallic acid (2, IC50 969 μM); both displayed competitive inhibition of α–glucosidases and isoorientin (3, IC50 201 μM), which displayed uncompetitive inhibition of lipase. These data could be useful in the development of a novel phytopharmaceutical drug