Parkinson gaixotasunaren eragina gaixoen bizi kalitatean: berrikusketa bibliografikoa

Marko teorikoa eta justifikazioa: Parkinson gaixotasuna sistema nerbiosoan eragiten duen gaixotasun neurodegeneratibo kronikoa bat da, garuneko sustantzia beltzean eragiten duena. Substantzia beltzean dauden neuronak kaltetzen dira eta dopamina neurotrasmisoreen gutxipena gertatzen da, ondorioz garunak gorputzeko mugimenduen kontrola galtzen du sintoma motoreen eta sintoma ez motoreen agerpena emanez. Sintoma horiek sufrimendua, ezgaitasuna eta dependentzia sorrarazten die gaixoei beraien eguneroko bizimoduan, osasunarekin lotutako bizi kalitatea murriztuz. Hori dela eta, oso garrantzitsua da erizainek gai honen inguruko jakintza sakona edukitzea ondoren gaixoei beharrezkoak diren zainketa eraginkorrak eskaini ahal izateko eta beraien bizi kalitatea ahalik eta hobeagoa izateko Helburu orokorra: Parkinson gaixotasunean ematen diren sintomak osasunarekin lotutako gaixoen bizi kalitatean nola eragiten duten identifikatzea. Metodologia: 2007.urtetik gaur egun arte argitaratutako ingelesezko eta gaztelerazko lanak aztertu dira. Artikuluk eskuratzeko CUIDEN, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycoINFO eta Science Direct datu baseak erabili dira. Bestalde, esku-bilaketa burutu da honako aldizkari zientifikoetan; Enfermeria Clínica, Journal of the Neurological Science, International Journal of Nursing Studies, eta Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. Horrez gain, Praktika klinikoaren Gidak eta aukeratutako artikuluen bibliografiak aztertu dira. Emaitzak eta eztabaida: Parkinson gaixotasunean ematen diren ohiko sintomak tresna desberdinen bitartez identifikatu dira, hala nola, MMSE, BDI, FSS, SCOPA-AUT, ASBPD , NMSS eta UPDRS eskalen bitartez. Era berean, sintoma horien eragina bizi kalitatean nolakoa den neurtu egin da PDQ-39, PDQ-8 eta SF-36 eskalen eta galdetegien bidez. Eragin handiena daukaten sintoma ez motoreak eta motoreak mina, gernu asaldurak, asaldura kognitiboak, depresioa, zurruntasuna, gorputz adarrak mugitzeko zailtasuna, gorputzeko jarrera ezegonkorra, bradezinesia eta martxaren alterazioak izanik. Ondorioak: Bai sintoma motoreek bai ez-motoreak eragin negatiboa eta kaltegarria daukate osasunarekin lotutako gaixoen bizi kalitatean baina bietatik, sintoma ez motoreak dira gehien eragiten dutenak. Bestalde, gaixotasuna aurrera joan ahala, sintoma gehiago azaleratzen dira gaixoen bizi kalitatea okertuz, gainera bi sintoma motoreek elkarren artean erlazio esanguratsua daukate. Beharrezkoa da talde multidisziplinarraren balorazio jarraitua egitea eta baita erizainen esku hartze jarraitu eta eraginkorra ematea ere. Hala eta guztiz ere, gaur egun Euskal Herrian ikerketa gutxi egin dira gai honen inguruan, eskala eta galdetegi ezberdinak egoteak zailtasunak dakartza emaitzak konparatzerako orduan

Assessing Mondragon: Stability & Managed Change in the Face of Globalization

By drawing on new interview evidence gathered during several field trips and new financial and economic data from both external and internal sources, we document and assess the changing economic importance and performance of the Mondragon group of cooperatives as well as the two largest sectors within the group. Compared to conventional firms in the Basque Country and Spain, and producer co-ops (PCs) and employee owned firms elsewhere, in general we find evidence of growing group importance and strong performance and a similarly strong record for the industrial and retail divisions...employee ownership, producer cooperatives, labor managed firm, productive efficiency, Mondragon

Efficiency in employee-owned enterprises: An econometric case study of Mondragon

We provide the first econometric study of efficiency for a member of the Mondragon group of worker cooperatives. Eroski is a retail distribution chain and, most unusually, there are two distinct types of hypermarkets: (i) cooperatives with significant employee ownership and voice; and (ii) GESPAs with modest employee ownership and limited voice. For supermarkets the chain includes conventional firms with no employee ownership as well. Our key data are a panel of monthly observations from February 2006 through May 2008, a total of 9,800 observations for supermarkets and 2,150 for hypermarkets. By estimating first difference models we find that hypermarket stores with cooperative ownership grow sales significantly faster than GESPA stores. For supermarkets overall we find no significant difference in performance among the three types of stores. However, for a particular segment of the supermarket called SUPERMARKET CITY (a subgroup of small supermarkets for which having better customer service employees is particularly important), cooperatives are found to outperform conventional stores. To investigate mechanisms that help explain why cooperatives are better performers we provide additional evidence that takes account of the role of the more extensive opportunities for employee involvement and training, and stronger economic incentives that exist in cooperatives. Finally, while cooperative members are better paid than their peers in comparable firms, individual-level data also show that job satisfaction is actually lower for workers in cooperatives than for GESPA workers. Though this may be a simple reflection of high worker expectation in cooperatives, cooperatives may well be indeed a high-stress work system. The overall assessment of cooperatives will need to be nuanced

Estabilidad laboral y productividad en el Grupo Eroski

Basándonos en un estudio de caso econométrico del Grupo Eroski, el objetivo de este trabajo es ver cómo afecta la seguridad en el trabajo en la productividad de la empresa, siendo el tipo de relación con la empresa (societaria, temporal o fijo por contratación ajena) la variable que refleja la seguridad laboral. Para ello se ha trabajado con una muestra de 433 supermercados y 73 hipermercados. Las características de la empresa y de los datos nos han ofrecido la oportunidad única de analizar un caso que cuenta con distintas estructuras jurídicas (sociedades anónimas, cooperativas y Gespa) dentro de un mismo grupo empresarial y con las mismas prácticas de recursos humanos. Los resultados muestran que la seguridad laboral influye positivamente en la productividad. No queda claro si los socios cooperativistas son más productivos que los socios Gespa o los trabajadores indefinidos de las sociedades anónimas, aunque los datos sugieren que los establecimientos bajo la forma jurídica de cooperativa son los más productivos

Modelling for the inheritance of multiple births and fertility in endangered equids: Determining risk factors and genetic parameters in donkeys (Equus asinus).

Multiple births or twinning in equids are dangerous, undesirable situations that compromise the life of the dam and resulting offspring. However, embryo vitrification and freezing techniques take advantage of individuals whose multiple ovulations allow flushing more fertilised embryos from the oviduct to be collected, increasing the productivity and profitability of reproductive techniques. Embryo preservation is especially important in highly endangered populations such as certain donkey (Equus asinus) breeds; for which conventional reproductive techniques have previously been deemed inefficient. For instance, becoming an effective alternative to artificial insemination with frozen semen to preserve the individuals' genetic material. The objective of this study was to examine the historical foaling records of Andalusian donkeys to estimate prevalence, risk factors, phenotypic and genetic parameters for multiple births, assessing the cumulative foal number born per animal, maximum foal number per birth and multiple birth number per animal. We designed a Bayesian General Animal Mixed Model with single records considering the 'fixed' effects of birth year, birth season, birth month, sex, farm, location, and husbandry system. Age was considered and included as a linear and quadratic covariate. Gibbs sampling reported heritability estimates ranging from 0.18 ± 0.101 to 0.24 ± 0.078. Genetic and phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.496 ± 0.298 to 0.846 ± 0.152 and 0.206 ± 0.063 to 0.607 ± 0.054, respectively. Predicted breeding values obtained enable the potential selection against/for these traits, offering a new perspective for donkey breeding and conservation

Estabilidad laboral y productividad en el Grupo Eroski

Based on an econometric case study of the Eroski Group, the objective of this study is to examine the relationship between job security and organizational productivity. Eroski organizes its operations in three different legal structures (Cooperative, GESPA, Conventional firm). Type of contract, is our proxy for job security. We draw on a sample of 433 supermarkets and 73 hypermarkets, whose legal/organizational characteristics and other data offer a unique opportunity to analyze different legal structures and levels of job security within the same business group and the same human resources practices. Results show that job security is positively related to productivity. It is not clear if Eroski co-op workermembers are more productive than partial employee-owners or non-owner employees with long-term contracts in Eroski’s conventional subsidiaries, though the data do indicate that Eroski cooperatives are more productive than its other legal structures.Basándonos en un estudio de caso econométrico del Grupo Eroski, el objetivo de este trabajo es ver cómo afecta la seguridad en el trabajo en la productividad de la empresa, siendo el tipo de relación con la empresa (societaria, temporal o fijo por contratación ajena) la variable que refleja la seguridad laboral. Para ello se ha trabajado con una muestra de 433 supermercados y 73 hipermercados. Las características de la empresa y de los datos nos han ofrecido la oportunidad única de analizar un caso que cuenta con distintas estructuras jurídicas (sociedades anónimas, cooperativas y Gespa) dentro de un mismo grupo empresarial y con las mismas prácticas de recursos humanos. Los resultados muestran que la seguridad laboral influye positivamente en la productividad. No queda claro si los socios cooperativistas son más productivos que los socios Gespa o los trabajadores indefinidos de las sociedades anónimas, aunque los datos sugieren que los establecimientos bajo la forma jurídica de cooperativa son los más productivos

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Informe Ejecutivo 2005

El estudio Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM CAPV 2005, realiza un diagnóstico de la actividad emprendedora de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Por un lado, este informe compara la capacidad de creación de empresas de dicha región con la de otros países y regiones nacionales, y por otro lado, se contrasta internamente la realidad de los emprendedores que residen en los tres territorios históricos de Araba, Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM EAE 2005, izenburuko azterlanak Euskal Auonomia Erkidegoko jarduera ekintzailearen diagnostikoa egiten du. Alde batetik, txosten horrek gure eskualdeak enpresak sortzeko duen ahalmena kontuan hartzen du eta beste hainbat herrialde eta nazio barneko eskualdek dutenekin konparatzen du, eta bestalde, hiru lurralde historikoetan, Araba, Bizkaia eta Gipuzkoan, bizi diren ekintzaileen errealitatea kontrastatzen du.L'étude Globale Entrepreneurship Monitor, GAM CAPV 2005, réalise un diagnostique de l'activité d'entreprise de la Communauté Autonome du Pays Basque. D'un côté, ce rapport compare la capacité de création d'entreprises de cette région avec celle d'autres pays et régions nationales, et d'un autre côté, contrôle intérieurement la réalité des entrepreneurs qui résident dans les trois territoires historiques d'Araba, de Bizkaia et de Gipuzkoa.The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor study, GEM CAPV 2005, carries out a diagnosis of entrepreneurship in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. On one hand, this report compares the capacity to set up companies in this region with that of other countries and with that of other regions within Spain, and, on the other hand, compares internally the situation of entrepreneurs residing in the three historical territories of Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa

Leisure and free time

In general terms, according to Harmer (2012), “as children approach puberty (from about ten onwards), they start being able to analyze abstract language concepts (…). They are reaching the formal operational stage of their development. Before that, however, we need to think about teaching language to children differently from the way we teach it to teenagers or adults. Young learners absorb language through action, games, songs and rhymes, stories and the senses. This is far more effective than trying to explain its rules or construction” (Harmer, 2012: 210).Universidad de Granada. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Grado en Educación Primari

Sexual Dimorphism for Coping Styles Complements Traditional Methods for Sex Determination in a Multivariety Endangered Hen Breed

Sex determination is key to designing endangered poultry population conservation and breeding programs when sex distribution departs from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. A total of 112 Utrerana chickens (28 per variety, partridge, black, white, and franciscan) were selected for hatching day sexing. Sex assignation was performed through 10 methods. Three sex assignment criteria comprised criteria found in literature, opposite criteria to that in the literature, and composite criteria combining methods reporting the highest predictive success from the previous ones. This study aims to determine which method combinations may more successfully determine sex across the four varieties of Utrerana endangered hen breed to tailor noninvasive early specific models to determine sex in local chicken populations. Although the explanatory power of the three assignation criteria is equal (75%), assignation criteria 2 resulted to be the most efficient as it correctly assigns males more frequently. Only methods 3 (English method), 5 (general down feathers coloration), 7 (wing fan), and 10 (behavior/coping styles) reported significant differences regardless of the variety, hence, are appropriate for early sexing. Sex confirmation was performed at 1.5 months old. Identifying sex proportions enhances genetic management tasks in endangered populations, complementing more standardized techniques, which may result inefficient given the implicit diversity found in local populations

OPTIMASI AUDIO WATERMARKING DENGAN TEKNIK EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA GENETIKA

Perkembangan teknologi memudahkan kita dalam mendapatkan dan mengirim informasi, tapi pesan yang terkirim bisa saja diketahui oleh pihak ketiga, itu sangat krusial jika itu adalah pesan rahasia.Dikembangkan metode watermaking yang berfungsi untuk menyisipkan suatu pesan/data ke dalam data digital lainnya sehingga tidak diketahui dan data/pesan yang disisipkan dapat diambil kembali. Pada tugas akhir ini membahas optimasi dari sistem watermarking pada file audio berformat .*wav dengan metode Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) dan kemudian dioptimasi menggunakan algen (algoritma genetika). Algoritma genetika digunakan untuk mencari nilai optimal komponen watermarking yang cocok sehingga hasilnya maksimal, algen banyak digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah optimasi. Tahap awal dilakukan dengan proses framing pada host. Kemudian dilakukan proses EMD agar didapatkan sinyal residu pada tiap frame sehingga dapat disisipkan watermark kemudian lakukan invers EMD untuk merekonstruksi kembali sinyal yang telah didekomposisi dengan EMD. Terakhir dilakukan optimasi parameter dengan algoritma genetika agar didapatkan parameter yang optimal. Parameter optimal yang didapatkan adalah panjang frame 8192, level 1, dan gain 0.005 dari serangan resampling. Dengan parameter optimal, sistem watermarking tahan terhadap serangan LPF, resampling, TSM, linear speed change, pitch shifting, kompresi Mp3 karena mempunyai BER di bawah 10%, tetapi rentan terhadap serangan BPF, noise, equalizer, echo karena mempunyai BER di atas 10%. Kata kunci: Audio Watermarking, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Algoritma Genetik