Heroin addiction: the past and future

Substance misuse, in particular heroin addiction contributes to health and social problems. Although effective medical treatment was available, earlier efforts confined the treatment of heroin addicts to in-house rehabilitation which required them to be estranged from the community and their families for 2 years. The in-house rehabilitative programme, implemented for at least three decades has produced low abstinence rates. On the other hand, being ‘away’ meant that many heroin addicts faced employment problems and family relationship difficulties upon completing the in-house rehabilitation. However, recently, the concerted efforts by various government and non-government organisations, and the acknowledgement that heroin addiction is a medical illness has resulted in a revamp to approaching treatment of heroin addiction. At present, methadone substitution programmes have been offered as part of treatment programme for heroin addicts in Malaysia. This new programme has been shown to be effective in treating heroin addiction and would need support and cooperation from all groups involved

Resveratrol Suppresses Constitutive Activation of AKT via Generation of ROS and Induces Apoptosis in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines

BACKGROUND: We have recently shown that deregulation PI3-kinase/AKT survival pathway plays an important role in pathogenesis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In an attempt to identify newer therapeutic agents, we investigated the role of Resveratrol (trans-3,4', 5-trihydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound on a panel of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells in causing inhibition of cell viability and inducing apoptosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated the action of Resveratrol on DLBCL cells and found that Resveratrol inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis by inhibition of constitutively activated AKT and its downstream targets via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Simultaneously, Resveratrol treatment of DLBCL cell lines also caused ROS dependent upregulation of DR5; and interestingly, co-treatment of DLBCL with sub-toxic doses of TRAIL and Resveratrol synergistically induced apoptosis via utilizing DR5, on the other hand, gene silencing of DR5 abolished this effect. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Altogether, these data suggest that Resveratrol acts as a suppressor of AKT/PKB pathway leading to apoptosis via generation of ROS and at the same time primes DLBCL cells via up-regulation of DR5 to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. These data raise the possibility that Resveratrol may have a future therapeutic role in DLBCL and possibly other malignancies with constitutive activation of the AKT/PKB pathway

A hybrid Artistic Model Using Deepy-Dream Model and Multiple Convolutional Neural Networks Architectures

The significant increase in drug abuse cases prompts developers to investigate techniques that mimic the hallucinations imagined by addicts and abusers, in addition to the increasing demand for the use of decorative images resulting from the use of computer technologies. This research uses Deep Dream and Neural Style Transfer technologies to solve this problem. Despite the significance researches on Deep Dream technology, there are several limitations in existing studies, including image quality and evaluation metrics. We have successfully addressed these issues by improving image quality and diversifying the types of generated images. This enhancement allows for more effective use of Deep Dream in simulating hallucinated images. Moreover, the high-quality generated images can be saved for dataset enlargement, like the augmentation process. Our proposed deepy-dream model combines features from five convolutional neural network architectures: VGG16, VGG19, Inception v3, Inception-ResNet-v2, and Xception. Additionally, we generate Deep Dream images by implementing each architecture as a separate Deep Dream model. We have employed autoencoder Deep Dream model as another method. To evaluate the performance of our models, we utilize normalized cross-correlation and structural similarity indexes as metrics. The values obtained for those two quality measures for our proposed deepy-dream model are 0.1863 and 0.0856, respectively, indicating effective performance. When considering the content image, the metrics yield values of 0.8119 and 0.3097, respectively. Whiefor the style image, the corresponding quality measure values are 0.0007 and 0.0073, respectively

Improved accuracy for subject-dependent and subject-independent deep learning-based SSVEP BCI classification: a user-friendly approach

In brain-computer interfacing, the SSVEP (steady-state visual evoked potential) method serves to foster collaboration between humans and robots. SSVEP-based detection methods require complex multichannel data acquisition, making them difficult to deploy due to discomfort during extended use and the complexity of the algorithms involved. On the other hand, single-channel setup offers simplicity and ease of use. However, in a single channel, achieving encouraging performance in the SD (subject-dependent) scenario is challenging, and accuracy drops further in the SI (subject-independent) scenario. This requires the development of a generalized approach to improve performance in both scenarios. This study proposes (VMD-DNN) to detect SSVEP in single-channel setups for SD and SI scenarios. The novelty of the proposed method lies in utilizing VMD (Variational Mode Decomposition) as a preprocessor, leveraging harmonic information and Kurtosis of the cross-correlation function to select harmonics from VMD decomposed signal. The preprocessed reconstructed signal uses complex spectrum features as input to the DNN for classification. The results show an average accuracy of 93%, 95.3% in SD and 79%, 92.33% in SI scenarios tested on two publicly available datasets, respectively. The ITR (Information transfer rate) was 67.50 bit/min, 92.31 bit/min for SD, and 46.13 bit/min, 85.94 bit/min for SI for both datasets, respectively. In SD, accuracy is improved by 3.34% and 5%, and ITR by 8.87% and 12.91% over baseline methods for both datasets respectively. The proposed VMD-DNN model is effective, with improved performance and lower computational complexity. The robust single-channel approach makes it user-friendly for human-robot collaboration

An angle-resolved photoemission spectral function analysis of the electron doped cuprate Nd_1.85Ce_0.15CuO_4

Using methods made possible by recent advances in photoemission technology, we perform an indepth line-shape analysis of the angle-resolved photoemission spectra of the electron doped (n-type) cuprate superconductor Nd_1.85Ce_0.15CuO_4. Unlike for the p-type materials, we only observe weak mass renormalizations near 50-70 meV. This may be indicative of smaller electron-phonon coupling or due to the masking effects of other interactions that make the electron-phonon coupling harder to detect. This latter scenario may suggest limitations of the spectral function analysis in extracting electronic self-energies when some of the interactions are highly momentum dependent.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Evaluation of Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Toxicity to Ocular Tissues

Purpose: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) may be used for focal delivery of plasmids, drugs, cells, and other applications. Here we ask whether such particles are toxic to ocular structures. Methods: To evaluate the ocular toxicity of MNPs, we asked if either 50 nm or 4 mm magnetic particles affect intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell count, retinal morphology including both cell counts and glial activation, or photoreceptor function at different time points after injection. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 44) were injected in the left eye with either 50 nm (3 ml, 1.65 mg) or 4 mm(3ml, 1.69 mg) magnetic particles, and an equal volume of PBS into the right eye. Electroretinograms (ERG) were used to determine if MNPs induce functional changes to the photoreceptor layers. Enucleated eyes were sectioned for histology and immunofluorescence. Results: Compared to control-injected eyes, MNPs did not alter IOP measurements. ERG amplitudes for a-waves were in the 100–250 mV range and b-waves were in the 500–600 mV range, with no significant differences between injected and noninjected eyes. Histological sectioning and immunofluorescence staining showed little difference in MNP-injected animals compared to control eyes. In contrast, at 1 week, corneal endothelial cell numbers were significantly lower in the 4 mm magnetic particle-injected eyes compared to either 50 nm MNP- or PBS-injected eyes. Furthermore, iron deposition was detected after 4 mm magnetic particle but not 50 nm MNP injection

Extensive Copy-Number Variation of Young Genes across Stickleback Populations

MM received funding from the Max Planck innovation funds for this project. PGDF was supported by a Marie Curie European Reintegration Grant (proposal nr 270891). CE was supported by German Science Foundation grants (DFG, EI 841/4-1 and EI 841/6-1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript