Influence of Kaolinite Clay Supplementation on Growth Performance and Digestive Function in Finishing Calf-fed Holstein Steers.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of kaolinite clay supplementation (0%, 1%, or 2% diet dry matter [DM] basis) on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) in calf-fed Holstein steers fed a finishing diet. In Trial 1, 6 Holstein steers (539±15 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Kaolinite clay supplementation decreased total tract DM digestion (linear effect, p<0.01) without effects (p≥0.10) on site and extent of digestion of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, starch and N, or ruminal microbial efficiency. There were no treatment effects on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids molar proportions or estimated methane production. In Trial 2, 108 Holstein steers (132.4±5.6 kg) were used in a 308-d study to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics. There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on average daily gain (ADG) and gain efficiency (ADG/dry matter intake). Kaolinite supplementation tended (linear effect, p = 0.08) to increase dietary net energy (NE) during the initial 112-d period. However, the overall (308-d) effect of supplementation dietary NE was not appreciable (p>0.20). However, due to the inertness of kaolinite, itself, the ratio of observed-to-expected dietary NE increased with kaolinite supplementation. This effect was more pronounced (linear effect, p 0.03) during the initial 224 d of the study. Overall (308 d), kaolinite supplementation tended to increase (linear effect, p = 0.07) dietary NE by 3% over expected. Kaolinite supplementation did not affect carcass weight, yield grade, longissimus area, kidney, pelvic and heart fat, and quality grade, but decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) dressing percentage. It is concluded that kaolinite supplementation up to 2% of diet DM may enhance energetic efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers in a manner independent of changes in characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion

Method of milk quality control and of the milk products

Ovaj rad donosi prikaz naših standardnih metoda za kontrolu kvalitete mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda i uspoređuje ih s metodama objavljenim u priručniku "Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists", XIV izdanje. S obzirom da je na 28. simpoziju za mljekarsku industriju Jugoslavije 1990. godine osnovana analitička sekcija, u radu su izneseni i određeni prijedlozi, odnosno smjernice za rad buduće analitičke sekcije

Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 on the Viability and Induction of Apoptosis in Rat Primary Hepatocytes

The present study evaluated the effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) either alone, or in association, on rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry after propidium iodine intercalation. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis were assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. At the concentrations of AFB1 and FB1 used, the toxins did not decrease cell viability, but did induce apoptosis in a concentration and time-dependent manner

evaluation of Lathyrus sativus cultivated in Ethiopia for proximate composition, minerals, β-ODAP and anti-nutritional components

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the most important food legumes in  countries like Bangladesh, India and Ethiopia. The legume is nutritious, rich in protein (28-32%) and contains good quantities of essential amino acids. Consumption of Lathyrus sativus seeds has been associated for more than 2000 years with neurolathyrim caused by the nearotoxin ß-ODAP (ß-N-Oxalyl-L-α, ßdiaminopropionic acid) present in the seeds. In the present study, Lathyrus  sativus seed samples  collected from the traditional grass pea growing areas in the country were analyzed for characteristics such as crude protein (CP), ß-ODAP, catechin equivalents (CE), trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), 100 seed weight, seed color and consumption habit of grass pea seeds. The CP content ranged from 272.9 g/kg -1 to 319.8 g/kg -1 dry matter, the lowest and highest CP being observed in samples collected from Grar Jarso and Akaki, respectively. There were higher variations between samples in ß-ODAP levels. On average, ß-ODAP level in  samples from Akaki was about twofold higher than those from Asgido. CE, which detects simple flavonoids as well as condensed tannins, was not more than 7.66 g/kg-1 dry matter in any sample. The TIA content did not differ significantly between the samples. The correlation coefficients indicated that, ß-ODAP, CE, TIA and 100 seed weight were positively correlated (p<0.05) with CP. In contrast, CE and TIA were negatively correlated (p<0.05) with ß-ODAP. The dietary interviews revealed that grass pea has diversified uses in Ethiopia both as human food and  feed or crop. The habit of consuming shiro wot (the Ethiopian traditional spiced soup-like dish), kik wot (sauce made of dehusked split seeds) kollo (roasted whole seeds), nifro (boiled whole seeds) or kitta (unlearned flat bread) prepared from grass pea alone is significantly higher (p<0.05) than the habit of consuming those food items prepared from grass pea mixed with other legumes. Further studies are  warranted to understand the reasons that influenced food choices of the housewives for establishing respective ways to improve healthy consumption habits.Key words: consumption habit, Lathyrus sativus, ß-ODAP, tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity. Le petit pois (Lathyrus sativus L.) est l’une des légumineuses alimentaires les plus importantes dans des pays tels que le Bangladesh, l’Inde et l’Ethiopie. Les légumineuses sont nutritives, riches en protéines (28-32%) et elles contiennent de  bonnes quantités d’acides aminés essentiels. La consommation des graines de Lathyrus sativus a été associée pendant plus de 2000 ans au neurolathyrime causé par le néarotoxine ß-ODAP (ß-N-Oxalyl-L-α, l’acide ß- diaminopropionique) présentdans les graines. Au cours de la présente étude, des échantillons de graines de Lathyrus sativus collectés à partir des  régions où pousse le petit pois traditionnel dans le pays ont été analysés pour trouver des caractéristiques telles que les   protéines à l’état brut (CP), ß-ODAP, des équivalents de catéchine (CE), l’activité inhibitrice de trypsine (AIT), le poids de la graine 100, la couleur de la graine et les habitudes liées à la consommation des graines de petits pois. Le contenu de CP variait entre 272.9 g/kg -1 et 319.8 g/kg -1 de matière sèche, le niveau le plus bas et le plus élevé de CP étant observés dans des échantillons collectés à Grar Jarso et à Akaki, respectivement. Il y avait des variations plus élevées entre les    échantillons dans les niveaux de ß-ODAP. En moyenne, la teneur en ß-ODAP dans les échantillons d’Akaki était presque le double de celle des échantillons d’Asgido. CE, qui détecte de simples flavonoïdes et des tanins condensés, ne constituait pas plus de 7.66 g/kg-1 de matière sèche dans n’importe quel échantillon. La teneur en AIT ne différait pas beaucoup entre les échantillons. Les coefficients des  corrélations indiquaient que les poids des graines de ß-ODAP, CE, AIT et 100 avaient des corrélations positives (p<0.05) avec CP. Par contre, CE et AIT avaient une corrélation négative (p<0.05) avec ß-ODAP. Les interviews sur les régimes alimentaires ont révélé qu’en Ethiopie le petit pois est utilisé de manières  diversifiées à la fois en tant qu’aliment humain et en tant que ration de nourriture ou culture. L’habitude de consommer le shiro wot (un plat   traditionnel éthiopien épicé qui ressemble à de la soupe), le kik wot (sauce faite de graines cassées et décortiquées), le kollo (des graines entières rôties), le nifro (des graines entières bouillies) ou le kitta (un pain plat désappris), préparés à partir de petit pois  uniquement, est beaucoup plus répandue (p<0.05) que l’habitude de consommer ces denrées alimentaires  préparées à partir du petit pois mélangé avec d’autres légumineuses. Des études plus approfondies s’imposent pour   comprendre les  raisons qui ont influencé les choix des aliments chez les femmes au foyer pour établir les moyens respectifs d’améliorer des habitudes alimentaires saines.Mots-clés: habitude alimentaire, Lathyrus sativus, ß-ODAP, tanins, activité inhibitrice de trypsine.

Study on Guapeva (Pouteria gardneriana Radlk) Shelf Life and Physical-Chemical Characterization of the Fruit Peel Flour / Estudo de Vida Útil do Fruto e Caracterização Físico-Química de Farinha de Casca de Guapeva (Pouteria gardneriana Radlk)

The Brazilian Cerrado is considered one of the most representative biomes because of the great diversity of regional fruits with great agricultural potential and applications in fresh or processed products for consumption. One of the most typical fruits of such biome is guapeva (Pouteria gardneriana Radlk), a fruit with a sweet flavor that has applications in the medical field and in the production of fresh and industrialized foods. Despite these attractive characteristics, only a few studies involving this fruit can be found in the literature. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the shelf life of this fresh fruitas well as the use of its residues to add value to the final product through the production of a flour. From the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the production of guapeva peel flour is a viable alternative for the use of this residue due to its high nutritional value and high content of bioactive compounds that may be favorable to the development of new productsas well as human nutrition

Chemical composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), BRS-Milênio cultivar

O feijão caupi é uma das principais culturas alimentares do Nordeste brasileiro. Para melhorar sua resistência contra pragas e produtividade, a nova cultivar (BRS-Milênio) foi obtida por melhoramento genético. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o potencial nutricional desta variedade, determinando-se a composição centesimal, o perfil de aminoácidos e ácidos graxos, o conteúdo de minerais e a atividade inibitória de tripsina. A semente contém (g.100 g-1): 24,5 de proteínas; 51,4 de carboidratos; 16,6 de fibra insolúvel e 2,7 de fibra solúvel; 2,6 de cinzas, tendo como principais minerais (mg.100 g-1): ferro - 6,8; zinco - 4,1; manganês - 1,5; fósforo - 510,0 e potássio - 1430,0. O teor de lipídios foi de 2,2%, e seu perfil de ácidos graxos apresenta 29,4% de saturados e 70,7% de insaturados. Foi estimado valor calórico de 323,4 kcal.100 g-1 de semente. Encontrou-se baixa atividade inibitória de tripsina (8,0 UIT.mg-1 de amostra). O perfil de aminoácidos foi favorável ao padrão de referência, exceto pela deficiência de sulfurados, sugerindo a necessidade da combinação desta leguminosa com outras fontes alimentares. Os resultados indicam que o feijão caupi possui atributos desejáveis como altos teores de energia, proteínas, fibras e minerais, baixa atividade inibitória de tripsina e, apesar de reduzido conteúdo lipídico, contém alta proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados.Cowpea is one of the major food cultures of the northeastern region of Brazil. To improve its resistance against plagues and to increase its productivity, a new cultivar (BRS-Milênio) was obtained by genetic improvement. This study aimed at determining the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, mineral constituents and trypsin inhibitory activity of this cultivar. The seed presents (g.100 g-1): 24.5 protein, 51.4 carbohydrates, 16.6 insoluble fiber and 2.7 soluble fiber, 2.6 ash; major mineral constituents (mg.100 g-1) were: iron - 6.8, zinc - 4.1, manganese - 1.5, phosphorus - 510.0 and potassium - 1430.0. Lipid content was 2.2%, and its fatty acids profile: 29.4% saturated and 70.7% unsaturated. The caloric value was estimated as 323.4 kcal.100 g-1 of seeds. A low trypsin inhibitory activity was found (8.0 TIU.mg-1 of sample). The amino acid profile is in accordance with the reference amino acid standard, except for the sulfur amino acid deficiency, suggesting the need to encourage the combination of this bean with other food sources. Results suggest that cowpea presents high contents of energy, protein, dietary fiber, minerals and a low trypsin inhibitory activity. Although it contains low amounts of lipids, its composition presents a high unsaturated fatty acid profile.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effects of selenium application on biochemical characteristics and biofortification level of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) produce.

Background: Biofortification of vegetables with selenium (Se) greatly depends on species tolerance to Se supply. Due to the scant information regarding kohlrabi Se biofortification, the aim of the present work was the evaluation of foliar sodium selenate application on yield and biochemical characteristics of three kohlrabi cultivars. Material and methods: A two years field experiment was conducted in Moscow region (Russia) on 3 kohlrabi cultivars using foliar biofortification with Na2Se04 solutions (50, 75 and 100 mg/L) and subsequent biochemical analysis of roots, stems and leaves. Results: Out of the three concentrations tested (50, 75 and 100 mg/L) plus an untreated control, the Se 75 dose demonstrated the strongest growth stimulation effect resulting in the increase of stem weight (by 1.35-1.61 times), yield (1.37-1.66 times), monosaccharide (1.59-2.24 times), ascorbic acid (1.54-2.01 times) and total phenolic levels (by 1.23-1.37 times), compared to the untreated control. The biofortification values varied from 69.4 (White Vienna 1390) to 59.9 (Dobrynya F1 hybrid) and 43.6 (Sonata F1 hybrid) under the Se dose of 100 mg/L. The maximum Se content in kohlrabi stems reached 4.40 mg/kg d.w. for Sonata F1, 3.53 mg/kg d.w. for Dobrynya F1 hybrids and 5.20 mg/kg d.w. for cultivar White Vienna 1390. Significant correlations were revealed between Se and total phenolics (0.720; p < 0.002), ascorbic acid (0.842; p < 0.001), monosaccharides (0.898; p < 0.001) and total sugar (0.764; p < 0.001). No significant changes in nitrate levels and dry matter content were recorded as the result of Se supply. Conclusion: The outcomes of the present research demonstrated the high benefits of Se application in improving kohlrabi yield and nutritional quality

The effect of addition high rape cake and phytase on nutritive value of diets for broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high rape cake content and phytase added to phosphorus and calcium deficient diets on the nutritive value for broiler chickens. Two experiments were performed: a growth experiment on four groups of one-day-old broilers Ross 308, 30 birds per group (6 replications x 5 birds) and a digestibility experiment on 60 chickens divided into four groups of 20 birds (4 replications of 5 birds). The digestibility of the starter diets were evaluated on chickens at 7 days of age and of grower diets at 28 days of age. The diets used in the digestibility tests were the same for the growth trial. In the growth experiment four diets were prepared for the due periods: starters (1-21 day) and growers (22-49 day of chicken life). The control diet (SBM) did not contain rape cake, while experimental diets contained 15% (starters) and 20% (growers) rape cake of Lirajet cultivar. The experimental diet denoted RC HP had P and Ca contents equal the control diet (phosphorus about 7.5 g and calcium about 10 g.kg-1), while the diet denoted as RC LP contained less P and Ca (5.8 g and 6.8 g.kg-1 respectively) than the control and RC HP diets. The diet denoted RC LP+ Phy was supplemented with an enzyme preparation containing phytase at a quantity of 875 FYT.kg-1. Application of 15% of rape cake into starter and 20% into grower diets (RC HP) allowed for similar body weights and feed conversion ratio as the control group, whereas reduction of phosphorus and calcium content in the starter diet (RC LP) significantly decreased body weight at day 21. The addition of phytase to the starter diet with low level of phosphorus and calcium showed the tendency to improve body weight in this period. Application of rape cake into starter and grower diets had poor effects on fat digestibility in all groups, whereas supplementation of grower diets with a low level of phytase phosphorus and calcium improved the digestibility of total phosphorus in comparison to the control and RC HP diets. A tendency to improve the performance results for diets with rape cake (RC HP) in comparison to the control diet in the second period of fattening (grower diets) was observed. Application of rape cake into the diets had a significantly beneficial effect on slaughter yield, fleshiness and fatty acid composition of meat, but not so on the heart muscle, whereas phytase did not have an influence on slaughter results. It was concluded that rape cake can be used in broiler diets, but a quantity of 15% in the starter and 20% in the grower diet may have a negative effect on the heart of so fed birds

CRESCIMENTO MICELIAL DE Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. EM RESÍDUOS LIGNOCELULÓSICOS DISPONÍVEIS NA AMAZÔNIA

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o crescimento micelial de Ganoderma lucidum DPUA 1694 sob a influência de diferentes concentrações de farelo de arroz em substratos lignocelulósicos da Amazônica. Os substratos foram formulados com casca de cupuaçu e serragem, suplementados com farelo de arroz nas concentrações de 10 e 20%. O crescimento vertical foi medido diariamente durante 15 dias de fermentação, avaliando-se o vigor micelial e crescimento em mm. G. lucidum apresentou crescimento em todas as condições experimentais e o micélio foi classificado como fortemente e mediamente adensado nos substratos a base de casca de cupuaçu e serragem suplementado com 10% e 20% de farelo de arroz, respectivamente. O crescimento micelial vertical de G. lucidum em casca de cupuaçu foi significativamente maior (α=5%) quando comparado ao substrato a base de serragem. Além disso, foi possível verificar que a adição do farelo de arroz como suplemento nutricional favoreceu o crescimento em ambos os substratos. A espécie estudada apresentou capacidade de colonizar os resíduos lignocelulósicos, evidenciando o potencial de utilização dos resíduos e da espécie em futuras aplicações biotecnológicas

Avalia??o microsc?pica e pesquisa de sujidades em amostras comerciais de or?gano (Origanum vulgare L.), salsa (Petroselinum sativum Hoffim.) e chimichurri.

Entende-se por condimentos e especiarias, produtos naturais de origem vegetal ou ? sua mistura, podendo apresentar-se inteiros, fragmentados ou em p?. Devido ? sua origem no campo e forma de processamento, pesquisas demonstram a incid?ncia de sujidades nesta mat?ria prima. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar microscopicamente amostras de or?gano, salsa e chimichurri comercializados na cidade de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. As amostras foram submetidas aos m?todos de desengorduramento e descolora??o, e posteriormente, foram visualizadas em estereosc?pio e microsc?pio ?tico. Foram utilizadas quatro amostras distintas de cada condimento: duas marcas comerciais embaladas, e duas comercializadas a granel. Em todas elas, foi constatada a presen?a de sujidades leves, como pelos e fragmentos de insetos, e sujidades pesadas, como areia, pedras e acr?lico. Com rela??o ? presen?a de insetos e seus fragmentos, todas as amostras estavam dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legisla??o vigente. No entanto, seis amostras foram classificadas como em desacordo ao regulamento, por apresentarem sujidades n?o previstas. Em uma amostra de or?gano, foi detectada a presen?a de outras esp?cies vegetais, caracterizando uma poss?vel fraude, uma vez que sua presen?a n?o foi declarada no r?tulo.Condiments and spices are natural vegetable products, marketed alone or in a mixture, whole, fragmented or powdered. Due to their origin in the field and processing form, researches have been demonstrating incidence of soils in these products. Thus, this work aimed evaluates microscopically samples of oregano, parsley and chimichurri marketed in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. The samples were submitted to degreasing and discoloration methods, and then, stereoscopic and optical microscope visualization. Four different samples of each condiment were used: two packaged trade marks, and two commercialized in bulk. In all of them, the presence of light soils, such as hair and insects? fragments, and heavy soils, such as sand, stones and acrylic, were observed. Regarding the presence of insects and their fragments, all samples were within the limits established by current legislation, however, six samples were classified as in disagreement, because they presented soil with aren?t covered by legislation. In a sample of oregano, it was detected other plant species, characterizing a possible fraud, since its presence wasn?t declared on the label