Les défis de la régionalisation

¿Cuáles son las dificultades y los desafíos que se generan en torno al proceso de regionalización de Marruecos? ¿Es posible una regionalización avanzada en el país teniendo en cuenta toda una serie de paradigmas de carácter histórico, social, político y democrático a los cuales debería responder? Estas son algunas de las preguntas clave a las que se responde en esta comunicación. Del mismo modo, se analiza cómo es posible una gestión democrática de la diversidad regional y territorial marroquí, a través de instancias con legitimidad política y frente a una clara y vigente disfunción del aparato estatalWhat are the difficulties and challenges that arise on the process of regionalization of Morocco? It is possible an advanced regionalization in Morocco taking into account a variety of paradigms of historical, social, political and democratic background? These are some of the key questions that are answered in this communication. In the same way, this paper analyse how is it possible the democratic management of the regional and territorial diversity of Morocco, through political legitimacy and facing a clear and effective state apparatus dysfunctio

Organometallic complexes featuring oligo-phenylene ethnylene ligands

This thesis describes the synthesis and analysis of organometallic complexes that feature oligo-phenylene ethynylene based ligands. Chapter 1 introduces the general topic of molecular electronics and provides a general overview of the interest in phenylene ethynylene systems as foundation architectures for molecular wires. The role of metal complexes in molecular electronics and the application of the cluster - surface analogy to the study of model systems is also described. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of oligo-phenylene ethynylene pro-ligands of the general form Мe(_3)SіС≡СС(_6)H(_4)C≡СС(_6)H(_4) (1-5), in which R is either an electron donor (Me, OMe) or acceptor (СО(_2)Ме, NO(_2), CN). The compounds were synthesised either via Sonogashira Pd/Cu cross-coupling reactions or via the nucleophilic attack of benzoquinones by lithiated acetylide anions and subsequent reduction. The desilylation of these compounds afforded the terminal alkynes НС≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)R (6-10). Furthermore, the extended "three-ring" 1,4- bis(phenyl ethynylbenzene) derivatives Мe(_3)SіС≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4) ≡C(_6)H(_4)С≡СSiMe(_3), 11 and Мe(_3)SіС≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(ОМе)(_2)(Н)(_2)С≡С(_6)Н(_4)С≡CSiMe(_3), 13 and the terminal alkyne НС≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(OMe)(_2)(H)(_2)C≡ C(_6)(h)(_4)C≡CH (14) have also been prepared. These compounds were fully spectroscopically characterised and in the case of 14 the molecular structure analysis is discussed. Chapter 3 discusses the synthesis of the gold(I) oligo-phenylene ethynylene complexes The complexes were prepared by treating the ligands precursors 1-5 with АuСl(Рl(_3)) (L = Ph or Су) in the presence of NaOMe to afford complexes Аu(С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)R)PPh(_3) [R = Me (15), OMe (16), СО(_2)Me (17), NO(_2) (18) and CN (19) and Аu(С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)R)PCy(_3) [R = Me (20), OMe (21) and NO(_2) (22)]. The "three-ring" complexes {Аu(РРh(_3))}2(μ-С≡СС(_6)H(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С=С(_6)Н(_4)С≡С), 23 and {Аu(РРh(_3)}(_2)( μ-C≡CC(_6)H(_4)C≡CC(_6)(OMe)(_2)H(_2)C≡C(_6)H(_4)C≡C 24 were also prepared. These complexes were spectroscopically characterised and molecular structural analyses reveal intermolecular interactions between the phenylene ethynylene portion of the molecules in the solid state, but not aurophilic interactions. Chapter 4 examines the synthesis of half-sandwich Ru(L(_2))Cp' [L = РРh(_3), Cp' = Cp ; L(_2) = dppe, Cp' = Cp*) acetylide complexes derived from simple phenyl, tolan and oligo(phenylene ethynylene) based acetylenes. The electrochemical properties of these complexes have been explored, as have some of the molecular structural details. Chapter 5 describes the synthesis of some cluster complexes. The gold acetylide complexes Аu(С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)R)(РРh(_3)) react readily with Ru(_3)(CO)(_10)(μ-dppm) to afford phenylene ethynylene derivatives Ru(_3)(μ-АuРРh(_3))(μ-С(_2)С(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)-R)(μ-dppm)(C0)(_7) (38-42) in which the conjugated organic moiety is "end-capped" by the cluster and an R group that is either electron donating or withdrawing (R = Me, OMe, СО(_2) Мe, NO(_2), CN). The clusters 38-42 are linked to the hydrido clusters Ru(_3)(μ-Н)(μ-С(_2)С(_6)Н(_4)С≡СС(_6)Н(_4)R)(СО)(_7) (36 and 37) through the well-known isolobal relationship between H and Аu(РR(_3)). In addition, the bis-cluster {Ru(_3)(μ-dppm)(CO)(_7)}(_2){(μ-ΑuΡΡh(_3))}(_2)(μ-C(_2)C(_6)H(_4)C≡CC(_6)H(_4)C≡CC(_6)H(_4)C(_2)) (43) has also been prepared. All the clusters reported in this chapter were crystallographically determined. Structural, spectroscopic, photophysical and electrochemical studies were conducted and have revealed little electronic interaction between the remote substituent and the organometallic end-caps. Chapter 6 explores the novel, preparative scale stoichiometric transmetallation reactions involving the simple Аu(С≡СR)(РРh(_3)) (R = Ph or С(_6)Н(_4)Мe) complexes. These gold(I) complexes have been treated with several inorganic and organometallic compounds MXL(_n) [M = metal, L(_n) = supporting ligands, X = halide], to afforded the corresponding metal-acetylide complexes M(C≡CR)L(_n), with representative examples featuring metals from Groups 8-11. The acetylide products were fully characterised by usual spectroscopic methods including the molecular structural analysis. Chapter 7 concludes the general summary of the thesis and discusses briefly the findings achieved in each chapter and the vital role of oligo-phenyelene ethynylenes ligands in the construction of numerous organometallic complexes which show interesting and promising properties for the molecular wires development. In addition, further future work is also proposed on other systems that feature this ligands

In vitro response from cotyledon and hypocotyls explants in tomato by inducing 6-benzylaminopurine

Differential response of tomato was evaluated by hypocotyls and cotyledon explants on 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) containing MS media. Among the four levels (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l) of BAP employed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, 2.0 mg/l BAP was found superior in growth traits (number of shoots/explants and shoot length) and cultivars. No significant difference was noticed between cotyledon and hypocotyls explants on media having 2.0 mg/l BAP. In the same treatment, shoot length was significantly different between cotyledon and hypocotyls derived explants. No adventitious shoots was noted in the control and higher concentration of BAP containing media but theexplants turned into callus on media having 4.0 mg/l BAP

Activity profile between winners and losers among female exponents in international silat olahraga competition

[EN] Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the details of activity that occurred during the match time between winners and losers among female exponents on Southeast Asian (SEA) Games 2017 silat olahraga competition. Methodology: Twenty female exponents from ten matches (n = 10) of silat olahraga on SEA Games 2017 were selected in this study. The notational analysis focused on fourteen different types of motion categories in silat olahraga: kick, punch, sweep, topple, block, catch, evade/dodge, block and kick, block and punch, block and sweep, fake kick, fake punch, self-release and others. The motion categories were divided into three outcomes, which were Hit Target (HT), Hit Elsewhere (HE) and Missing Opponent (MO). Matched paired t-tests were used to compare differences between winners and losers.Results: There were no significant differences in the activity profiles between winners and losers except for evade/dodge (p = 0.03), but there were significant differences in action outcomes in HT (p = 0.000) and MO (p = 0.025). This study showed that during the match the 51% of the actions were kicks, punches and sweeps. The results also showed that female exponents frequently used lower limbs to attack the opponents. Conclusion: The losers performed less HT actions and higher MO actions compared to the winners. The winners performed more successful actions than the losers during silat matches

t(2;11)(q31;p15) NUP98/HOXD13 - t(2;11)(q31;p15) NUP98/HOXD11

Review on t(2;11)(q31;p15) NUP98/HOXD13 - t(2;11)(q31;p15) NUP98/HOXD11, with data on clinics, and the genes involved

Single and fractionated ionizing radiation induce alterations in endothelial connexin expression and channel function

Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for most tumor types. However, emerging evidence indicates an increased risk for atherosclerosis after ionizing radiation exposure, initiated by endothelial cell dysfunction. Interestingly, endothelial cells express connexin (Cx) proteins that are reported to exert proatherogenic as well as atheroprotective effects. Furthermore, Cxs form channels, gap junctions and hemichannels, that are involved in bystander signaling that leads to indirect radiation effects in non-exposed cells. We here aimed to investigate the consequences of endothelial cell irradiation on Cx expression and channel function. Telomerase immortalized human Coronary Artery/Microvascular Endothelial cells were exposed to single and fractionated X-rays. Several biological endpoints were investigated at different time points after exposure: Cx gene and protein expression, gap junctional dye coupling and hemichannel function. We demonstrate that single and fractionated irradiation induce upregulation of proatherogenic Cx43 and downregulation of atheroprotective Cx40 gene and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Single and fractionated irradiation furthermore increased gap junctional communication and induced hemichannel opening. Our findings indicate alterations in Cx expression that are typically observed in endothelial cells covering atherosclerotic plaques. The observed radiation-induced increase in Cx channel function may promote bystander signaling thereby exacerbating endothelial cell damage and atherogenesis

In vitro performances of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of tomato cultivars under sodium chloride stress

A plant tissue culture technique is a good method for the evaluation and screening of plant genotypes for salt tolerance. In vitro evaluations of sodium chloride (NaCl) effects on two tomato cultivars (Pearl and Beril) were investigated with four NaCl levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM) using hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. The explants were cultured in MS media having 2.0 mg/l BAP along with different concentrations of NaCl. Sodium chloride stress negatively affected the growth traits and chlorophyll content. Significant differences were noticed between the cultivars followed by different NaCl levels, where the Beril responded superior than that of Pearl. The type of explant showed a difference in their response to shoots regeneration under NaCl stress, where the cotyledon explants achieved best results than hypocotyl explants.Key words: Cotyledons, hypocotyls, In vitro, salt stress, tomato