Whole genome sequencing,molecular typing and in vivovirulence of OXA-48-producingEscherichia coli isolates includingST131 H30-Rx, H22 and H41subclones

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including the increasingly reported OXA-48 Escherichia coli producers, are an emerging public health threat worldwide. Due to their alarming detection in our healthcare setting and their possible presence in the community, seven OXA-48-producing, extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli were analysed by whole genome sequencing as well as conventional tools, and tested for in vivo virulence. As a result, five E. coli OXA-48-producing subclones were detected (O25:H4-ST131/PST43-fimH30-virotype E; O25:H4-ST131/PST9-fimH22-virotype D5, O16:H5-ST131/ PST506-fimH41; O25:H5-ST83/PST207 and O9:H25-ST58/PST24). Four ST131 and one ST83 isolates satisfied the ExPEC status, and all except the O16:H5 ST131 isolate were UPEC. All isolates exhibited local inflammatory response with extensive subcutaneous necrosis but low lethality when tested in a mouse sepsis model. The blaOXA-48 gene was located in MOBP131/IncL plasmids (four isolates) or within the chromosome (three ST131 H30-Rx isolates), carried by Tn1999-like elements. All, except the ST83 isolate, were multidrug-resistant, with additional plasmids acting as vehicles for the spread of various resistance genes. This is the first study to analyse the whole genome sequences of blaOXA-48-positive ST131, ST58 and ST83 E. coli isolates in conjunction with experimental data, and to evaluate the in vivo virulence of blaOXA-48 isolates, which pose an important challenge to patient management

EURL-Salmonella ringonderzoek typering 2022

Sinds 1992 zijn de Nationale Referentie Laboratoria (NRL’s) van de lidstaten van de Europese Unie verplicht om elk jaar hun kwaliteit te laten toetsen met zogeheten ringonderzoeken. Een van de ringonderzoeken is de typering van Salmonella-bacteriën. In 2022 scoorden alle NRL’s van de 27 EU(European Union )-lidstaten goed bij deze kwaliteitscontrole op typering van Salmonella. Twee laboratoria hadden hiervoor een herkansing nodig. Als groep konden de deelnemende laboratoria aan 98 procent van de geteste stammen de juiste naam geven. De laboratoria zijn verplicht om Salmonella met een standaardmethode te typeren (serotypering). Daarnaast mochten zij in 2022 zelf aangeven of ze extra typeringen op DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)-niveau wilden doen, bijvoorbeeld met Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS(whole genome sequencing)). Deze preciezere typering kan soms nodig zijn om de bron van een besmetting op te sporen. Voor de kwaliteitstoetsen wijst elke lidstaat een laboratorium aan, het Nationale Referentie Laboratorium (NRL). Dit NRL is namens dat land verantwoordelijk om Salmonella in monsters van levensmiddelen of dieren aan te tonen en te typeren. Om te controleren of de laboratoria hun werk goed doen, moeten zij onder andere twintig Salmonella-stammen de juiste naam kunnen geven. Soms doen er ook NRL’s van landen buiten de EU vrijwillig aan mee. In 2022 waren dat er zeven: het Verenigd Koninkrijk, de EU (potentiële) kandidaat-lidstaten Kosovo, Moldavië, en Turkije en de European Free Trade Association (EFTA) landen IJsland, Noorwegen en Zwitserland. Het Europese Unie Referentie Laboratorium voor Salmonella (EURL-Salmonella) organiseert het jaarlijkse ringonderzoek Salmonella-typering. Dit laboratorium is gevestigd bij het RIVM in Nederland.Since 1992, National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) of European Union (EU) Member States have been obliged to participate in annual quality control ‘Proficiency’ Tests (PTs). One of the PTs is on typing of Salmonella bacteria. The NRLs of all 27 EU Member States performed well in this 2022 quality control test on Salmonella typing. Two laboratories were found to require a follow-up study after the initial test. Overall, the participating laboratories were able to assign the correct name to 98% of the strains tested. Laboratories are obliged to type Salmonella with the reference method (serotyping). In 2022, they could also perform additional typing at the DNA level, for example by using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). More detailed DNA typing methods are sometimes needed to trace the source of a contamination. Each Member State designates a specific laboratory within their national boundaries to be responsible for the detection and identification of Salmonella in animals and/or food products. These laboratories are referred to as the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs). The performance of these NRLs in Salmonella typing is assessed annually by testing their ability to correctly identify 20 Salmonella strains. NRLs from countries outside the EU occasionally participate in these tests on a voluntary basis. Seven countries took part in 2022: the United Kingdom, the (potential) EU candidate countries Kosovo, Moldova, and Türkiye as well as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The annual Proficiency Test on Salmonella typing is organised by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Salmonella (EURL-Salmonella). The EURL-Salmonella is located at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands

Intestinal ciliates and their endosymbionts from the cockroach hindgut: evolutionary aspects

International audienc

EURL-Salmonella ringonderzoek typering 2019

Sinds 1992 zijn de Nationale Referentie Laboratoria (NRL’s) van de Europese lidstaten verplicht om elk jaar hun kwaliteit te laten toetsen met zogeheten ringonderzoeken. Daarnaast doen soms NRL’s van landen buiten de Europese Unie (EU) vrijwillig mee. Een van de ringonderzoeken is de typering van Salmonella-bacteriën. In 2019 scoorden alle NRL’s van de 28 EU lidstaten goed bij de kwaliteitscontrole op typering van Salmonella. Als groep konden de deelnemende laboratoria aan 97 procent van de geteste stammen de juiste naam geven. De laboratoria zijn verplicht om Salmonella met een standaardmethode te typeren (serotypering). Daarnaast mochten zij in 2019 zelf aangeven of ze extra typeringen op DNA-niveau wilden doen, bijvoorbeeld met Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Deze preciezere typering kan soms nodig zijn om de bron van een besmetting op te sporen. Dit leverde veel informatie op om ook de kwaliteit van de typeringen op DNA-niveau te kunnen toetsen, en waar nodig te verbeteren. Voor de kwaliteitstoetsen wijst elke lidstaat een laboratorium aan, het Nationale Referentie Laboratorium (NRL). Dit NRL is namens dat land verantwoordelijk om Salmonella in monsters van levensmiddelen of dieren aan te tonen en te typeren. Om te controleren of de laboratoria hun werk goed doen, moeten zij onder andere twintig Salmonellastammen de juiste naam kunnen geven. In 2019 deden zes landen buiten de Europese Unie mee: de EU kandidaat lidstaten Albanië, Republiek Noord-Macedonië en Servië, en de European Free Trade Association (EFTA) landen IJsland, Noorwegen en Zwitserland. Het Europese Unie Referentie Laboratorium voor Salmonella (EURLSalmonella) organiseert het jaarlijkse ringonderzoek Salmonellatypering. Dit laboratorium is gevestigd bij het RIVM in Nederland.From 1992, National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) of European Union (EU) Member States have been obliged to participate in annual quality control ‘Proficiency’ Tests (PTs). NRLs from countries outside the EU occasionally participate in these tests on a voluntary basis. One of the PTs is on typing of Salmonella bacteria. The NRLs of all 28 EU Member States performed well in the 2019 quality control test on Salmonella typing. Overall, the participating laboratories were able to assign the correct name to 97% of the strains tested. Laboratories are obliged to type Salmonella with the reference method (serotyping). In 2019, they could also perform additional typing at DNA level, for example by using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). These more detailed typing methods are sometimes needed to trace the source of a contamination. Valuable information and typing data were obtained which can be used to improve the organisation of future quality control tests on typing. Each Member State designates a specific laboratory within their national boundaries to be responsible for the detection and identification of Salmonella strains in animals and/or food products. These laboratories are referred to as the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs). The performance of these NRLs in Salmonella typing is assessed annually by testing their ability to identify 20 Salmonella strains. The EU candidate countries Albania, Republic of North Macedonia, and Serbia, as well as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland took part in the 2019 assessment. The annual Proficiency Test on Salmonella typing is organised by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Salmonella (EURL-Salmonella). The EURL-Salmonella is located at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands.European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG-SANTE

EURL-Salmonella ringonderzoek typering 2020

Sinds 1992 zijn de Nationale Referentie Laboratoria (NRL’s) van de Europese lidstaten verplicht om elk jaar hun kwaliteit te laten toetsen met zogeheten ringonderzoeken. Soms doen NRL’s van landen buiten de Europese Unie (EU) vrijwillig mee. Een van de ringonderzoeken is de typering van Salmonella-bacteriën. In 2020 scoorden alle NRL’s van de 27 EU lidstaten goed bij deze kwaliteitscontrole op typering van Salmonella. Als groep konden de deelnemende laboratoria aan 97 procent van de geteste stammen de juiste naam geven. De laboratoria zijn verplicht om Salmonella met een standaardmethode te typeren (serotypering). Daarnaast mochten zij in 2020 zelf aangeven of ze extra typeringen op DNA-niveau wilden doen, bijvoorbeeld met Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Deze preciezere typering kan soms nodig zijn om de bron van een besmetting op te sporen. Voor de kwaliteitstoetsen wijst elke lidstaat een laboratorium aan, het Nationale Referentie Laboratorium (NRL). Dit NRL is namens dat land verantwoordelijk om Salmonella in monsters van levensmiddelen of dieren aan te tonen en te typeren. Om te controleren of de laboratoria hun werk goed doen, moeten zij onder andere twintig Salmonella-stammen de juiste naam kunnen geven. In 2020 deden zes landen buiten de Europese Unie vrijwillig mee: het Verenigd Koninkrijk, de EU kandidaat lidstaten Republiek Noord-Macedonië en Servië, en de European Free Trade Association (EFTA) landen IJsland, Noorwegen en Zwitserland. Het Europese Unie Referentie Laboratorium voor Salmonella (EURL-Salmonella) organiseert het jaarlijkse ringonderzoek Salmonella-typering. Dit laboratorium is gevestigd bij het RIVM in Nederland.From 1992, National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) of European Union (EU) Member States have been obliged to participate in annual quality control ‘Proficiency’ Tests (PTs). NRLs from countries outside the EU occasionally participate in these tests on a voluntary basis. One of the PTs is on typing of Salmonella bacteria. The NRLs of all 27 EU Member States performed well in this 2020 quality control test on Salmonella typing. Overall, the participating laboratories were able to assign the correct name to 97% of the strains tested. Laboratories are obliged to type Salmonella with the reference method (serotyping). In 2020, they could also perform additional typing at DNA level, for example by using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). More detailed DNA typing methods are sometimes needed to trace the source of a contamination. Each Member State designates a specific laboratory within their national boundaries to be responsible for the detection and identification of Salmonella in animals and/or food products. These laboratories are referred to as the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs). The performance of these NRLs in Salmonella typing is assessed annually by testing their ability to identify 20 Salmonella strains. The United Kingdom, the EU candidate countries Republic of North Macedonia and Serbia, as well as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland took voluntary part in the 2020 assessment. The annual Proficiency Test on Salmonella typing is organised by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Salmonella (EURL-Salmonella). The EURL-Salmonella is located at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands.European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG-SANTE

EURL-Salmonella ringonderzoek typering 2021

Since 1992, National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) of European Union (EU) Member States have been obliged to participate in annual quality control ‘Proficiency’ Tests (PTs). One of the PTs is on typing of Salmonella bacteria. The NRLs of all 27 EU Member States performed well in this 2021 quality control test on Salmonella typing. One laboratory was found to require a follow-up study after the initial test. Overall, the participating laboratories were able to assign the correct name to 98% of the strains tested. Laboratories are obliged to type Salmonella with the reference method (serotyping). In 2021, they could also perform additional typing at the DNA level, for example by using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). More detailed DNA typing methods are sometimes needed to trace the source of a contamination. Each Member State designates a specific laboratory within their national boundaries to be responsible for the detection and identification of Salmonella in animals and/or food products. These laboratories are referred to as the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs). The performance of these NRLs in Salmonella typing is assessed annually by testing their ability to correctly identify 20 Salmonella strains. NRLs from countries outside the EU occasionally participate in these tests on a voluntary basis. Eight countries took part in 2021: the United Kingdom, the (potential) EU candidate countries Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Türkiye as well as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The annual Proficiency Test on Salmonella typing is organised by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Salmonella (EURL-Salmonella). The EURL-Salmonella is located at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in the Netherlands

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Lactobacillus rhamnosus

We aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (n=75) strains, to study their antibiotic resistance genes with microarray, and to assess the microbiological cut-off values of tested antimicrobial agents. L. rhamnosus strains were tested with agar dilution, broth microdilution and Etest methods for ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline using specific LSM medium. Most of the L. rhamnosus strains were found phenotypically susceptible to all six antibiotics tested. Four of the strains were phenotypically multiresistant, three strains to clindamycin, erythromycin and streptomycin and one strain to streptomycin and tetracycline. Some of the resistant (n=8) and susceptible (n=5) strains were further studied with a microarray method to reveal the antibiotic resistance genes behind the phenotypic resistances. From our experience, we recommend that microbiological cut-off values should be proposed according to the method used