Crescimento in vitro de plântulas de Caularthron bicornutum em diferentes concentrações de sacarose

Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a influência de diferentes concentrações de sacarose no crescimento in vitro de Caularthron bicornutum (Hook.) Raf. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Tecnologia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp/FCAV, em Jaboticabal, São Paulo (SP), no período de janeiro a outubro de 2009. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Foram seis tratamentos (cinco concentrações de sacarose: 10; 20; 30; 40 e 50g L-1 e ausência de sacarose no meio de cultura) e cinco repetições, totalizando 30 parcelas e 12 plântulas/parcela. A semeadura foi feita em meio de cultura MS e, após 90 dias, estas foram selecionadas e transferidas para frascos contendo meio de cultura com metade da concentração de macronutrientes (½ MS), com as diferentes concentrações de sacarose. Aos 150 dias após a semeadura, foi realizado o segundo subcultivo, cujos procedimentos foram semelhantes aos do primeiro, sendo as plântulas reinoculadas para renovação do meio. Após 210 dias da semeadura, foi realizada avaliação. Verificou-se que a sacarose não influenciou a porcentagem de enraizamento, porém foi efetiva no número e crescimento de raízes e da parte aérea de plântulas de Caularthron bicornutum, em concentrações que variaram de 13 a 29g L-1 de sacarose.This research aimed to studied the influence of different sucrose concentrations in the in vitro growth of Caularthron bicornutum (Hook.) Raf.. The experiment was conducted at Department of Technology of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp/FCAV, Jaboticabal, São Paulo state, in the period of January to October of 2009. Were studied 6 treatments (5 sucrose concentrations: 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50g L-1 and sucrose absence in the middle of culture) and 5 replications with 12 seedlings per replication had been used in a completely randomized design. The seeds were placed in culture medium MS, and after 90 and 150 days they were selected and transferred for flasks containing culture medium ½MS, with the different sucrose concentrations. After 210 days evaluation was accomplished. It was verified that the sucrose in the concentrations from 13 to 29g L-1 provided the largest averages for the number of roots, length of roots and length of the aerial part; however it didn't influence in the rooting percentage of the plântlests of Caularthron bicornutum.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Produção VegetalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e VeterináriasUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de AgronomiaUniversidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de FitotecniaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Produção VegetalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária

Molecular systematics of teioid lizards (Teioidea/Gymnophthalmoidea: Squamata) based on the analysis of 48 loci under tree-alignment and similarity-alignment

We infer phylogenetic relationships within Teioidea, a superfamily of Nearctic and Neotropical lizards, using nucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic analyses relied on parsimony under tree-alignment and similarity-alignment, with length variation (i.e. gaps) treated as evidence and as absence of evidence, and maximum-likelihood under similarity-alignment with gaps as absence of evidence. All analyses produced almost completely resolved trees despite 86% of missing data. Tree-alignment produced the shortest trees, the strict consensus of which is more similar to the maximum-likelihood tree than to any of the other parsimony trees, in terms of both number of clades shared, parsimony cost and likelihood scores. Comparisons of tree costs suggest that the pattern of indels inferred by similarity-alignment drove parsimony analyses on similarity-aligned sequences away from more optimal solutions. All analyses agree in a majority of clades, although they differ from each other in unique ways, suggesting that neither the criterion of optimality, alignment nor treatment of indels alone can explain all differences. Parsimony rejects the monophyly of Gymnophthalmidae due to the position of Alopoglossinae relative to Teiidae, whereas support of Gymnophthalmidae by maximum-likelihood was low. We address various nomenclatural issues, including Gymnophthalmidae Fitzinger, 1826 being an older name than Teiidae Gray, 1827. We recognize three families in the arrangement Alopoglossidae + (Teiidae + Gymnophthalmidae). Within Gymnophthalmidae we recognize Cercosaurinae, Gymnophthalminae, Rhachisaurinae and Riolaminae in the relationship Cercosaurinae + (Rhachisaurinae + (Riolaminae + Gymnophthalminae)). Cercosaurinae is composed of three tribes—Bachiini, Cercosaurini and Ecpleopodini—and Gymnophthalminae is composed of three—Gymnophthalmini, Heterodactylini and Iphisini. Within Teiidae we retain the currently recognized three subfamilies in the arrangement: Callopistinae + (Tupinambinae + Teiinae). We also propose several genus-level changes to restore the monophyly of taxa.This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Projects CGL2008-04164 and CLG2011-30393 (I. De La Riva, PI), and CGL2010-21250 and CGL2011-30393 (Carles Vila, PI),Peer Reviewe

Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks: the case of the Atlantic Forest

The main objective of this paper is to present and discuss the best methods to estimate live above ground biomass in the Atlantic Forest. The methods presented and conclusions are the products of a workshop entitled "Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Stocks: the Case of Atlantic Rain Forest". Aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests is mainly contained in trees. Tree biomass is a function of wood volume, obtained from the diameter and height, architecture and wood density (dry weight per unit volume of fresh wood). It can be quantified by the direct (destructive) or indirect method where the biomass quantification is estimated using mathematical models. The allometric model can be site specific when elaborated to a particular ecosystem or general that can be used in different sites. For the Atlantic Forest, despite the importance of it, there are only two direct measurements of tree biomass, resulting in allometric models specific for this ecosystem. To select one or other of the available models in the literature to estimate AGB it is necessary take into account what is the main question to be answered and the ease with which it is possible to measure the independent variables in the model. Models that present more accurate estimates should be preferred. However, more simple models (those with one independent variable, usually DBH) can be used when the focus is monitoring the variation in carbon storage through the time. Our observations in the Atlantic Forest suggest that pan-tropical relations proposed by Chave et al. (2005) can be confidently used to estimated tree biomass across biomes as long as tree diameter (DBH), height, and wood density are accounted for in the model. In Atlantic Forest, we recommend the quantification of biomass of lianas, bamboo, palms, tree ferns and epiphytes, which are an important component in this ecosystem. This paper is an outcome of the workshop entitled "Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Stocks: the Case of Atlantic Rain Forest", that was conducted at Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, between 4 and 8 December 2006 as part of the Brazilian project "Ombrophylus Dense Forest floristic composition, structure and function at the Núcleos Picinguaba and Santa Virginia of the Serra do Mar State Park", BIOTA Gradiente