Effect of chemical structure on the cloud point of some new non-ionic surfactants based on bisphenol in relation to their surface active properties

AbstractA series of non-ionic surfactants were prepared from bisphenol derived from acetone (A), acetophenone (AC) and cyclohexanone (CH). The prepared bisphenols were ethoxylated at different degrees of ethylene oxide (27, 35, 43). The ethoxylated bisphenols were non-esterified by fatty acids; decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoloic and linolinic. Some surface active properties for these surfactants were measured and calculated such as, surface tension [γ], critical micelle concentration [CMC], minimum area per molecule [Amin], surface excess [Cmax], free energy of micellization and adsorption [ΔGmic] and [ΔGads]. At a certain temperature, the cloud point was measured for these surfactants. From the obtained data it was found that; the cloud point is very sensitive to the increase of the alkyl chain length, content of ethylene oxide and degree of unsaturation. The core of bisphenol affected the cloud point sharply and they are ranked regarding bisphenol structure as BA>BCH>BAC. By inspection of the surface active properties of these surfactants, a good relation was obtained with their cloud points. The data were discussed on the light of their chemical structures

Electrostatic phase separation: a review

The current understanding and developments in the electrostatic phase separation are reviewed. The literature covers predominantly two immiscible and inter-dispersed liquids following the last review on the topic some 15 years. Electrocoalescence kinetics and governing parameters, such as the applied field, liquid properties, drop shape and flow, are considered. The unfavorable effects, such as chain formation and partial coalescence, are discussed in detail. Moreover, the prospects of microfluidics platforms, non-uniform fields, coalescence on the dielectric surfaces to enhance the electrocoalescence rate are also considered. In addition to the electrocoalescence in water-in-oil emulsions the research in oil-in-oil coalescence is also discussed. Finally the studies in electrocoalescer development and commercial devices are also surveyed. The analysis of the literature reveals that the use of pulsed DC and AC electric fields is preferred over constant DC fields for efficient coalescence; but the selection of the optimum field frequency a priori is still not possible and requires further research. Some recent studies have helped to clarify important aspects of the process such as partial coalescence and drop–drop non-coalescence. On the other hand, some key phenomena such as thin film breakup and chain formation are still unclear. Some designs of inline electrocoalescers have recently been proposed; however with limited success: the inadequate knowledge of the underlying physics still prevents this technology from leaving the realm of empiricism and fully developing in one based on rigorous scientific methodology

Evaluation of Egyptian bentonite and nano-bentonite as drilling mud

Nano-particles of bentonite have been prepared by nano-grinding. The nano-bentonite was characterized by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The bentonite particles had been ground to the size ranging from 4 to 9 nm. Both natural and nano-bentonite were evaluated as drilling mud. The evaluation involved the study of the rheological properties, filtration and gel strength before and after treatment with viscosities and filter loss agent, and compared with the American Petroleum Institute API bentonite. With decreasing the grain size of bentonite to the nano-scale, the results were not satisfied to the API -standard

Adsorption and inhibition behavior of a novel Schiff base on carbon steel corrosion in acid media

In this study, the inhibition effect of 2,2′-(heptane-1,7-diylbis(azanylylidene)bis-(methanylylidene))diphenol (HAMD) on carbon steel corrosion in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 solution was studied. Weight loss and electrochemical techniques such as open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to inspect the efficiency of HAMD as corrosion inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDAX) were used to characterize the steel surface. Polarization measurements indicated that, the studied inhibitor acts as mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of HAMD molecules on the carbon steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm

Impact of barite and ilmenite mixture on enhancing the drilling mud weight

It is common knowledge in the technology of drilling fluids, monitoring of the drilling mud weight is critical in developing a mud system that yields good well stability. Alternative weighting materials should be in demand to offer superior properties such as barite, available in sufficient reserves to meet field requirements and be competitively priced. A weighting material that can be sourced locally to substitute barite would be a good innovation in the drilling industry. The present work was performed for enhancement the weighting of the drilling fluids by using mixture of barite and ilmenite. Micro-sized ilmenite ore (FeTiO3) particles were obtained by a direct solid phase milling process to replace a certain percentage of barite as weighting material of the drilling mud. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to underline the phase identification of the crystalline ilmenite, used drilling mud weighting agent as barite and Na-bentonite particles. The lamellar shape and the arrangement in overlapping plates of ilmenite particles, Platy-like shaped Na-bentonite grains against sub-angular and square-shaped barite particles were confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. Three mud samples with different densities were prepared which be made up of fresh water, sodium bentonite and weighting material. The weighting materials were added up to the mud separately to form the required mud density ranges between 8.65 and 18 lb/gal. The first sample was water-based mud with barite; second sample was water-based mud with local ilmenite ore and third sample was water-based with barite and ilmenite in which were added in parts as 50:50 by ratios. These samples were investigated at different temperatures (normal, 120, 160, 180 °F) and the employed mud density range to determine solid content, density, rheological properties and filtration losses. The study showed that the rheological properties of barite/ilmenite mixture were found to give comparable results as barite and has the potential to be used as alternative weighting material especially in a heavier drilling mud. Two significant advantages could be observed through using the mixture; it produces lower solids content and fluid loss which in turns reduces the formation damage, respectively. Keywords: Drilling mud weight, Ilmenite ore, Barite/ilmenite mixture, Rheology, XRD, SE

Greener routes for recycling of polyethylene terephthalate

The article reviews the different routes for recycling of polyethylene terephthalate. Chemical recycling processes are divided into six groups: methanolysis, glycolysis, hydrolysis, ammonolysis, aminolysis, and other methods. In a large collection of researches for the chemical recycling of PET, the primary objective is to increase the monomer yield while reducing the reaction time and/or carrying out the reaction under mild conditions. This article also presents the impact of the new recyclable catalysts such as ionic liquids on the future developments in the chemical recycling of PET

Synthesis of non-ionic surfactants based on alkylene diamine and evaluation of their corrosion inhibition efficiency on carbon steel in formation water

The inhibitive effects of newly synthesized non-ionic surfactant based on alkylene diamine surfactants on X-65 carbon steel in formation water was investigated by means of electrochemical techniques and quantum chemical study. These derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, and the surface tension and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The polarization showed that the inhibition efficiency of the prepared compounds was increased with increasing the length of the internal alkyl chain between the two terminal amino groups of diamine. The electronic properties obtained using quantum chemical approach were correlated with the experimental inhibition efficiencies. The surface morphology of carbon steel was investigated using SEM

Influence of surface modified nanoilmenite/amorphous silica composite particles on the thermal stability of cold galvanizing coating

The present approach investigates the use of novel nanoilmenite/amorphous silica composite (NI/AS) particles fabricated from ilmenite nanoparticles (FeTiO3 NPs) and synthesized amorphous silica grains to improve thermal stability of the cold galvanizing coating. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images demonstrated that both nanoilmenite and nanocomposite particles were of flaky-like nature and the average diameter of the particles is 20 nm. The lamellar shape of the nanocomposite and spherical nature of Zn-dust particles were illustrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. Different alkyd-based cold galvanizing coating formulations were modified using uniformly dispersing various amounts of the processed nanocomposite particles as a modifier to form some engineering nanocomposite coatings. Thermal stability of the nanocomposite and Zn-dust particles was determined by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). From the obtained results it could be observed that the weight loss (%) as a feature of the thermal stability in case of the nanocomposite particles was 2.9 compared to 85.9 for Zn-dust powder grains. Derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG) measurements were done under nitrogen atmosphere for the cured cold galvanizing coating samples heated from room temperature to 1000 °C. The obtained results revealed that the maximum decomposition temperature point in the third degradation step for 6% nanocomposite surface modified cured sample (CG-F) was detected at 693 °C and was less value for unmodified conventional cold galvanizing coating (CG-A) at 612 °C. The increase in thermal stability with increasing the concentration of nanocomposite particles could be mainly attributed to the interface surface interaction between the nanocomposite particles and alkyd resin matrix in which enhancing the inorganic-organic network stiffness by causing a reduction in the total free spaces and enhancement in the cross-linking density of the cured film then, requires high energy to cleave it. Keywords: Nanoilmenite/amorphous silica composite, Cold galvanizing coating, Thermal stability, TEM, TGA, DT

Inhibition of mild steel corrosion and calcium sulfate formation in highly saline synthetic water by a newly synthesized anionic carboxylated surfactant

A newly anionic surfactant; namely (2Z,2′Z)-4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis((2-((4-dodecylphenyl)sulfonamido)ethyl)azanedinyl)bis(4-oxobut-2enoate), desined as Tetra-anionic surfactant was synthesized. Its chemical structure was confirmed by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopic techniques. The corrosion mitigation behavior of the prepared surfactant for mild steel (MS) in high saline synthetic water was monitoring by chemical technique (weight loss), electrochemical techniques (Tafel and EIS). The obtained results showed that the corrosion resistance has been improved after the addition of the surfactant molecules. The inhibition efficiency grown up with the inhibitor concentration reaching the maximum at concentration 120 ppm, where the IE% values were 84, 82, and 79.5% in cases of weight loss, Tafel and EIS techniques, respectively. The mixed-type inhibitor with permanent anodic effect can be inferred from polarization data of mild steel in the presence of different concentration of Tetra- compound. The corrosion protection performance of the used inhibitor was related to its adsorption ability on the MS surface. The adsorption of Tetra-molecules increased the charge transfer resistance of MS. The adsorption process of the tested corrosion inhibitor obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion and scale produced layer formed on the mild steel surface in absence and presence of the insight anionic surfactant was depicted by SEM. The chemical analysis of this layer was examined by EDX, and show the corrosion and Ca- scale inhibition performance of Tetra- molecules. Quantum chemical calculations were compatible with the experimental results. Keywords: Anionic surfactant, Corrosion, Inhibitor, Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Tafel, EIS, SEM, ED