Anatomía comparada del retropié, caracteres derivados del tipo de locomoción

Tras una breve reseña a los primeros hallazgos paleontológicos que nos ayudaron a conocer como se desplazaban nuestro antecesores, y que nos lleva a afirmar que los homínidos practicaban la bipedestación hace 3,5 Ma. Se realiza un análisis comparativo, entre hombre y otros primates, de la embriología y biomecánica de la articulación subastragalina. En estos apartados se compara la ontogenia y la filogenia así como las diferencias que presenta el eje único de Henke entre distintas familias de primates, y las consecuencias de estas diferencias en la marcha y las implicaciones que la bipedestación ha tenido en la evolución de la arcticulación subastragalina. También se analizan los principales tipos de locomoción en primates

Assessing Behavioral Health Risks, Health Conditions, and Preventive Health Practices among American Indians/Alaska Natives in Nevada

The 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey was administered to American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults in Nevada to determine whether health disparities exist between AI/ANs and the state’s general population. Results showed AI/ANs were 1.5 times more likely to smoke cigarettes, 3.5 times more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoke, 3.2 times more likely to lack leisure-time physical activity, 9.7 times more likely to report fair/poor health status, and 7.7 times more likely to have a disability. In addition, AI/ANs were more likely to have current asthma (OR=5.0) and diabetes (OR=1.8). AI/AN women were 4.8 times as likely to report no Pap test in the past 3 years. Our findings suggest that Nevada’s AI/AN population face many health disparities related to risk behaviors, poor health status and health conditions, and healthcare access. Partnerships among tribal, state and federal public health systems are needed to address these disparities

Minimal repair of failed components in coherent systems

© 2019 This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the accepted version of a published work that appeared in final form in European Journal of Operational ResearchThe minimal repair replacement is a reasonable assumption in many practical systems. Under this as- sumption a failed component is replaced by another one whose reliability is the same as that of the component just before the failure, i.e., a used component with the same age. In this paper we study the minimal repair in coherent systems. We consider both the cases of independent and dependent compo- nents. Three replacement policies are studied. In the first one, the first failed component in the system is minimally repaired while, in the second one, we repair the component which causes the system fail- ure. A new technique based on the relevation transform is used to compute the reliability of the systems obtained under these replacement policies. In the third case, we consider the replacement policy which assigns the minimal repair to a fixed component in the system. We compare these three options un- der different stochastic criteria and for different system structures. In particular, we provide the optimal strategies for all the coherent systems with 1–4 independent and identically distributed components

A multivariate dispersion ordering based on quantiles more widely separated

AbstractA multivariate dispersion ordering based on quantiles more widely separated is defined. This new multivariate dispersion ordering is a generalization of the classic univariate version. If we vary the ordering of the components in the multivariate random variable then the comparison could not be possible. We provide a characterization using a multivariate expansion function. The relationship among various multivariate orderings is also considered. Finally, several examples illustrate the method of this paper

Relationships of gag-pol diversity between Ty3/Gypsy and Retroviridae LTR retroelements and the three kings hypothesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The origin of vertebrate retroviruses (<it>Retroviridae</it>) is yet to be thoroughly investigated, but due to their similarity and identical gag-pol (and env) genome structure, it is accepted that they evolve from <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>LTR retroelements the retrotransposons and retroviruses of plants, fungi and animals. These 2 groups of LTR retroelements code for 3 proteins rarely studied due to the high variability – gag polyprotein, protease and GPY/F module. In relation to 3 previously proposed <it>Retroviridae </it>classes I, II and II, investigation of the above proteins conclusively uncovers important insights regarding the ancient history of <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>and <it>Retroviridae </it>LTR retroelements.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We performed a comprehensive study of 120 non-redundant <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>and <it>Retroviridae </it>LTR retroelements. Phylogenetic reconstruction inferred based on the concatenated analysis of the gag and pol polyproteins shows a robust phylogenetic signal regarding the clustering of OTUs. Evaluation of gag and pol polyproteins separately yields discordant information. While pol signal supports the traditional perspective (2 monophyletic groups), gag polyprotein describes an alternative scenario where each <it>Retroviridae </it>class can be distantly related with one or more <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>lineages. We investigated more in depth this evidence through comparative analyses performed based on the gag polyprotein, the protease and the GPY/F module. Our results indicate that contrary to the traditional monophyletic view of the origin of vertebrate retroviruses, the <it>Retroviridae </it>class I is a molecular fossil, preserving features that were probably predominant among <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>ancestors predating the split of plants, fungi and animals. In contrast, classes II and III maintain other phenotypes that emerged more recently during <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>evolution.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The 3 <it>Retroviridae </it>classes I, II and III exhibit phenotypic differences that delineate a network never before reported between <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>and <it>Retroviridae </it>LTR retroelements. This new scenario reveals how the diversity of vertebrate retroviruses is polyphyletically recurrent into the <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>evolution, i.e. older than previously thought. The simplest hypothesis to explain this finding is that classes I, II and III trace back to at least 3 <it>Ty3/Gypsy </it>ancestors that emerged at different evolutionary times prior to protostomes-deuterostomes divergence. We have called this "the three kings hypothesis" concerning the origin of vertebrate retroviruses.</p

New Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System:Inhibition of Brain Aminopeptidase A, ACE2 Ubiquitination, and Angiotensinogen

Despite the availability of various therapeutic classes of antihypertensive drugs, hypertension remains poorly controlled, in part because of poor adherence. Hence, there is a need for the development of antihypertensive drugs acting on new targets to improve control of blood pressure. This review discusses novel insights (including the data of recent clinical trials) with regard to interference with the renin-angiotensin system, focusing on the enzymes aminopeptidase A and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the brain, as well as the substrate of renin— angiotensinogen—in the liver. It raises the possibility that centrally acting amino peptidase A inhibitors (eg, firibastat), preventing the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin III in the brain, might be particularly useful in African Americans and patients with obesity. Firibastat additionally upregulates brain ACE2, allowing the conversion of angiotensin II to its protective metabolite angiotensin-(1-7). Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering ribonucleic acids suppress hepatic angiotensinogen for weeks to months after 1 injection and thus could potentially overcome adherence issues. Finally, interference with ACE2 ubiquitination is emerging as a future option for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension, given that ubiquitination resistance might upregulate ACE2 activity.</p