An Analysis of Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamics During Hemorrhagic Shock in Dogs

Utilizing the standard Wiggers' method, hemorrhagic shock was induced in ten anesthetized dogs by bleeding to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 50 mmHg for 2 hr and then to 30 mmHg for 1 hr, followed by reinfusion of the shed blood. The experimental protocol was designed to evaluate the effect of hemorrhagic shock on sequential pulmonary hemodynamic changes in relation to those of cardiac and systemic circulation. All selected cardiopulmonary hemodynamic parameters were recorded throughout the experiment on a multi-channel poly-oscillograph monitor. Total pulmonary resistance (TPuR) started rising early in hemorrhagic shock and was found to rise to a level that was 10-fold greater than pulmonary arteriolar resistance (PAR). This meant that, 90% of TPuR came from the venous side of the pulmonary vascular bed. Persistently raised TPuR even after reinfusion was linked to early death of the experimental animals. Myocardial contractility (max dp/dt mmHg/sec) which is one of the indices for cardiac performance was found to be severely depressed at terminal stage (p<0.001). Both total pulmonary and peripheral resistances were found to have an inverse relationship to ventricular performance which was measured by left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) and right ventricular stroke work (RVSW). There is a high suspicion that reinfusion or resuscitation following prolonged hypovolemic shock may aggrevate the hemorrhagic shock effects by facilitating the distribution of accumulated blood-borne toxic substances to various target organs and that, this has been linked with the early and sustained pulmonary hemodynamic disturbance found in these experiments

Blood Sugar in Relation to Endocrine Hormones During Hemorrhagic Shock in Dogs

Wiggers' standard method was used to induce hemorrhagic shock in eighteen anesthetized dogs by bleeding to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 50 mmHg for 2 hr and then to 30 mmHg for 1 hr, followed by reinfusion of the shed blood. The experimental protocol was designed to determine the sequence of changes in blood sugar during hemorrhagic shock and its relationship to variations in the underlying endocrine hormones, in particular the levels of insulin, catecholamines and cortisol. Venous blood samples were drawn from all experimental animals at specific regular time intervals for sugar and endocrine hormones determination. In early stages of hemorrhagic shock, blood sugar, catecholamines and cortisol were shown to be raised while insulin levels were not influenced by fluctuations in sugar levels. This suggested that, the effect of catecholamine inhibition on the synthesis of insulin is greater than the blood sugar stimulus on the secretion of insulin. Moreover pancreatic islet cells were shown to be intact at terminal stage by Electron microscopy. Corresponding elevated blood levels of sugar, catecholamines and cortisol were found to have a common goal towards increasing plasma osmolality to effect plasma refill. Persistent hypoglycemia in late stages of hemorrhagic shock was shown to be a major sign of failing neuroendocrine compensatory mechanisms against a shock insult. Electron microscopy revealed severe damage of the pituitary gland at the terminal stage

A note on the Gauss decomposition of the elliptic Cauchy matrix

Explicit formulas for the Gauss decomposition of elliptic Cauchy type matrices are derived in a very simple way. The elliptic Cauchy identity is an immediate corollary.Comment: 5 page

Three-Dimensional Vascular Architecture of the Dog Heart as Revealed by Injection Replica Scanning Electron Microscopy

The three-dimensional vascular architecture of the dog myocardium was investigated by means of injection replica scanning electron microscopy. Coronary arteries entered into myocardial wall at almost right angle. They repeated bicornal divisions and run toward endocardium. The arterioles and precapillary arterioles branched in bicornal, tricornal or multicornal fashions. These branches were arranged usually in a plane in short distances. Capillaries were arranged parallel to the myocardial cells and had many anastomotic channels. The branching of the capillaries was usually Y-, T-, H- or K-shape, and Y-shape was the most common. Many anastomotic channels between precapillary arterioles were recognized just under the endocardiurn, while same connections were very difficult to identify in the myocardial wall. Numerous venous capillaries joined together with postcapillary venules and collecting venules almost exclusively in a plane parallel to the capillary sheets. Junctional architecture of these capillaries and venules was usually fan-shaped, finger-shaped or feather-shaped in appearance. The postcapillary venules and collecting venules were oriented usually perpendicular to the muscle fiber or capillary direction. The orifices of Thebesian veins, arterio-luminal vessels and arterio-sinusoidal vessels were observed between ventricular trabeculae as small masses of injected resin. The number of these orifices were more abundant in the right ventricular wall than in the left

A novel scan segmentation design method for avoiding shift timing failure in scan testing

ITC : 2011 IEEE International Test Conference , 20-22 Sep. 2011 , Anaheim, CA, USAHigh power consumption in scan testing can cause undue yield loss which has increasingly become a serious problem for deep-submicron VLSI circuits. Growing evidence attributes this problem to shift timing failures, which are primarily caused by excessive switching activity in the proximities of clock paths that tends to introduce severe clock skew due to IR-drop-induced delay increase. This paper is the first of its kind to address this critical issue with a novel layout-aware scheme based on scan segmentation design, called LCTI-SS (Low-Clock-Tree-Impact Scan Segmentation). An optimal combination of scan segments is identified for simultaneous clocking so that the switching activity in the proximities of clock trees is reduced while maintaining the average power reduction effect on conventional scan segmentation. Experimental results on benchmark and industrial circuits have demonstrated the advantage of the LCTI-SS scheme

First-principle study of excitonic self-trapping in diamond

We present a first-principles study of excitonic self-trapping in diamond. Our calculation provides evidence for self-trapping of the 1s core exciton and gives a coherent interpretation of recent experimental X-ray absorption and emission data. Self-trapping does not occur in the case of a single valence exciton. We predict, however, that self-trapping should occur in the case of a valence biexciton. This process is accompanied by a large local relaxation of the lattice which could be observed experimentally.Comment: 12 pages, RevTex file, 3 Postscript figure

Arthrectomy for traumatic proximal interphalangeal arthritis in the lateral digit in a heifer

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗInstructive information on the treatment for chronic deep infections of digital joints in a 9-month-old Holstein heifer is described in this report. Preoperative ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations revealed soft tissue swelling and subchondral bone lysis at the distal part of the proximal phalanx in the lateral digit. Arthrectomy was performed under xylazine sedation to remove infectious articular cartilage tissues. Immature callus formation was observed via radiography at the surgical site by the 28th postoperative day. On the 48th postoperative day, callus fellinto disrepair on the radiographs along with aggravation of the locomotion score. After the application of a half-limb cast, the immature callus formed again by the 62nd postoperative day (11 months), and bony callus formation was observed by the 74th postoperative day. Thereafter, the heifer could walk well with marked improvement in the locomotion score. The withers height of the heifer at 13 months (136 cm) was within the range of that in control heifers of the same age on this farm (133 ± 3 cm); however, the body weight (BW) of this heifer (322 kg) was lower than the BW of controls (384 ± 26 kg). The BW gain from 11 to 13 months of age seemed to be higher in the present heifer (+76 kg) than in controls (+55±20 kg), suggesting that BW of the present heifer was returning to the original BW. Based on these observations, we suggested that arthrectomy was an effective treatment option for the present case of digital joint arthritis

Effective Launch-to-Capture Power Reduction for LOS Scheme with Adjacent-Probability-Based X-Filling

It has become necessary to reduce power during LSI testing. Particularly, during at-speed testing, excessive power consumed during the Launch-To-Capture (LTC) cycle causes serious issues that may lead to the overkill of defect-free logic ICs. Many successful test generation approaches to reduce IR-drop and/or power supply noise during LTC for the launch-off capture (LOC) scheme have previously been proposed, and several of X-filling techniques have proven especially effective. With X-filling in the launch-off shift (LOS) scheme, however, adjacent-fill (which was originally proposed for shift-in power reduction) is used frequently. In this work, we propose a novel X-filling technique for the LOS scheme, called Adjacent-Probability-based X-Filling (AP-fill), which can reduce more LTC power than adjacent-fill. We incorporate AP-fill into a post-ATPG test modification flow consisting of test relaxation and X-filling in order to avoid the fault coverage loss and the test vector count inflation. Experimental results for larger ITC\u2799 circuits show that the proposed AP-fill technique can achieve a higher power reduction ratio than 0-fill, 1-fill, and adjacent-fill.2011 Asian Test Symposium, 20-23 November 2011, New Delhi, Indi

Microstructure and mechanical effects of spark plasma sintering in alumina monolithic ceramics

The specific effects of spark plasma sintering (SPS) on the creep behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of alumina monolithic ceramic were investigated. SPS introduces strains that concentrate at grain boundaries and inhibit crack growth, resulting in an improvement in the flexural strength and fracture toughness. However, creep blocks grain boundary movements and decreases the reliability of the material. These strains can be removed by a post-sintering thermal treatment, which plays an important role in the distribution of dislocations. Crown Copyright (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. All rights reserved.The authors would like to acknowledge the help of the EU for the financial support received under the IP-NANOKER NMP3-CT-2005-515784. A.B. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her Juan de la Cierva Contract (JCI-2011-10498). The authors are grateful to the Central Support Service in Experimental Research (SCSIE), University of Valencia for providing the HR-TEM facility.Alvarez-Clemares, I.; Borrell Tomás, MA.; Agouram, S.; Torrecillas, R.; Fernandez, A. (2013). Microstructure and mechanical effects of spark plasma sintering in alumina monolithic ceramics. Scripta Materialia. 68(8):603-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.12.016S60360668