1,958 research outputs found
Mechanism of Glucose Isomerization Using a Solid Lewis Acid Catalyst in Water
^1H and ^(13)C NMR spectroscopy on isotopically labeled glucose reveals that in the presence of tin-containing zeolite Sn-Beta, the isomerization reaction of glucose in water proceeds by way of an intramolecular hydride shift (see scheme) rather than proton transfer. This is the first mechanistic demonstration of Sn-Beta acting as a Lewis acid in a purely aqueous environment
On the stability of the primordial closed string gas
We recast the study of a closed string gas in a toroidal container in the
physical situation in which the single string density of states is independent
of the volume because energy density is very high. This includes the gas for
the well known Brandenberger-Vafa cosmological scenario. We describe the gas in
the grandcanonical and microcanonical ensembles. In the microcanonical
description, we find a result that clearly confronts the Brandenberger-Vafa
calculation to get the specific heat of the system. The important point is that
we use the same approach to the problem but a different regularization. By the
way, we show that, in the complex temperature formalism, at the Hagedorn
singularity, the analytic structure obtained from the so-called
F-representation of the free energy coincides with the one computed using the
S-representation.Comment: 20 pages and 1 figure. The final version that appeared in JHE
Drum vortons in high density QCD
Recently it was shown that high density QCD supports of number of topological
defects. In particular, there are U(1)_Y strings that arise due to K^0
condensation that occurs when the strange quark mass is relatively large. The
unique feature of these strings is that they possess a nonzero K^+ condensate
that is trapped on the core. In the following we will show that these strings
(with nontrivial core structure) can form closed loops with conserved charge
and currents trapped on the string worldsheet. The presence of conserved
charges allows these topological defects, called vortons, to carry angular
momentum, which makes them classically stable objects. We also give arguments
demonstrating that vortons carry angular momentum very efficiently (in terms of
energy per unit angular momentum) such that they might be the important degrees
of freedom in the cores of neutron stars.Comment: 11 pages, accepted for publication in Physical Review
STRADITIZE: An open-source program for digitizing pollen diagrams and other types of stratigraphic data
In an age of digital data analysis, gaining access to data from the pre-digital era – or any data that is only available
as a figure on a page – remains a problem and an under-utilized scientific resource. Whilst there are numerous
programs available that allow the digitization of scientific data in a simple x-y graph format, we know of no
semi-automated program that can deal with data plotted with multiple horizontal axes that share the same vertical
axis, such as pollen diagrams and other stratigraphic figures that are common in the Earth sciences. STRADITIZE
(Stratigraphic Diagram Digitizer) is a new open-source program that allows stratigraphic figures to be digitized
in a single semi-automated operation. It is designed to detect multiple plots of variables analyzed along the same
vertical axis, whether this is a sediment core or any similar depth/time series.
The program is written in python and supports mixtures of many different diagram types, such as bar
plots, line plots, as well as shaded, stacked, and filled area plots. The package provides an extensively documented
graphical user interface for a point-and-click handling of the semi-automatic process, but can also be scripted
or used from the command line. Other features of STRADITIZE include text recognition to interpret the names
of the different plotted variables, the automatic and semi-automatic recognition of picture artifacts, as well an
automatic measurement finder to exactly reproduce the data that has been used to create the diagram. Evaluation
of the program has been undertaken comparing the digitization of published figures with the original digital data.
This generally shows very good results, although this is inevitably reliant on the quality and resolution of the
original figure
Impact of Controlling the Site Distribution of Al Atoms on Catalytic Properties in Ferrierite-Type Zeolites
Zeolites with the ferrierite (FER) topology are synthesized using a combination of tetramethylammonium
(TMA) cations with differently sized cyclic amines (pyrrolidine (Pyr), hexamethyleneimine (HMI), and 1,4-
diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DAB)). Using these organic structure-directing agents (SDAs), low Si/Al ratios
and concentrated synthesis mixtures favor the crystallization of FER materials. Increasing the size of the
cyclic amine or decreasing the aluminum content leads to the crystallization of other phases or the creation
of excessive amounts of connectivity defects. TMA cations play a decisive role in the synthesis of the FER
materials, and their presence allows the use of HMI to synthesize FER. Proton MAS NMR is used to quantify
the accessibility of pyridine to acid sites in these FER samples, where it is found that the FER + HMI + TMA
sample contains only 27% acid sites in the 8-MR channels, whereas FER + Pyr and FER + Pyr + TMA
contain 89% and 84%, respectively. The constraint index (CI) test and the carbonylation of dimethyl ether
(DME) with carbon monoxide are used as probe reactions to evaluate how changes in the aluminum distribution
in these FER samples affect their catalytic behavior. Results show that the use of Pyr as an SDA results in
the selective population of acid sites in the 8-MR channels, whereas the use of HMI generates FER zeolites
with an increased concentration of acid sites in the 10-MR channels
Higher-order Abel equations: Lagrangian formalism, first integrals and Darboux polynomials
A geometric approach is used to study a family of higher-order nonlinear Abel
equations. The inverse problem of the Lagrangian dynamics is studied in the
particular case of the second-order Abel equation and the existence of two
alternative Lagrangian formulations is proved, both Lagrangians being of a
non-natural class (neither potential nor kinetic term). These higher-order Abel
equations are studied by means of their Darboux polynomials and Jacobi
multipliers. In all the cases a family of constants of the motion is explicitly
obtained. The general n-dimensional case is also studied
Magnetic vortex filament flows
We exhibit a variational approach to study the magnetic flow associated with a Killing magnetic field in dimension 3. In this context, the solutions of the Lorentz force equation are viewed as Kirchhoff elastic rods and conversely. This provides an amazing connection between two apparently unrelated physical models and, in particular, it ties the classical elastic theory with the Hall effect. Then, these magnetic flows can be regarded as vortex filament flows within the localized induction approximation. The Hasimoto transformation can be used to see the magnetic trajectories as solutions of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation showing the solitonic nature of those.Ministerio de Educación y CienciaFondo Europeo de Desarrollo RegionalJunta de Andalucí
Global Strings in High Density QCD
We show that several types of global strings occur in colour superconducting
quark matter due to the spontaneous violation of relevant U(1) symmetries.
These include the baryon U(1)_B, and approximate axial U(1)_A symmetries as
well as an approximate U(1)_S arising from kaon condensation. We discuss some
general properties of these strings and their interactions. In particular, we
demonstrate that the U(1)_A strings behave as superconducting strings. We draw
some parallels between these strings and global cosmological strings and
discuss some possible implications of these strings to the physics in neutron
star cores.Comment: LaTeX JHEP-format (26 pages) Option in source for REVTeX4 forma
CryoSIM: super-resolution 3D structured illumination cryogenic fluorescence microscopy for correlated ultrastructural imaging
Rapid cryopreservation of biological specimens is the gold standard for visualizing cellular structures in their true structural context. However, current commercial cryo-fluorescence microscopes are limited to low resolutions. To fill this gap, we have developed cryoSIM, a microscope for 3D super-resolution fluorescence cryo-imaging for correlation with cryo-electron microscopy or cryo-soft X-ray tomography. We provide the full instructions for replicating the instrument mostly from off-the-shelf components and accessible, user-friendly, open-source Python control software. Therefore, cryoSIM democratizes the ability to detect molecules using super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryopreserved specimens for correlation with their cellular ultrastructure.Funding: Wellcome Trust (091911/Z/11/Z, 096144/Z/11/Z, 105605/Z/14/Z, 107457/Z/15/Z, 203141/Z/16/Z, 209412/Z/17/Z); H2020Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (700184)
Phylogenetic relationships of cone snails endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes
Background: Due to their great species and ecological diversity as well as their capacity to produce hundreds of different toxins, cone snails are of interest to evolutionary biologists, pharmacologists and amateur naturalists alike. Taxonomic identification of cone snails still relies mostly on the shape, color, and banding patterns of the shell. However, these phenotypic traits are prone to homoplasy. Therefore, the consistent use of genetic data for species delimitation and phylogenetic inference in this apparently hyperdiverse group is largely wanting. Here, we reconstruct the phylogeny of the cones endemic to Cabo Verde archipelago, a well-known radiation of the group, using mitochondrial (mt) genomes. Results: The reconstructed phylogeny grouped the analyzed species into two main clades, one including Kalloconus from West Africa sister to Trovaoconus from Cabo Verde and the other with a paraphyletic Lautoconus due to the sister group relationship of Africonus from Cabo Verde and Lautoconus ventricosus from Mediterranean Sea and neighboring Atlantic Ocean to the exclusion of Lautoconus endemic to Senegal (plus Lautoconus guanche from Mauritania, Morocco, and Canary Islands). Within Trovaoconus, up to three main lineages could be distinguished. The clade of Africonus included four main lineages (named I to IV), each further subdivided into two monophyletic groups. The reconstructed phylogeny allowed inferring the evolution of the radula in the studied lineages as well as biogeographic patterns. The number of cone species endemic to Cabo Verde was revised under the light of sequence divergence data and the inferred phylogenetic relationships. Conclusions: The sequence divergence between continental members of the genus Kalloconus and island endemics ascribed to the genus Trovaoconus is low, prompting for synonymization of the latter. The genus Lautoconus is paraphyletic. Lautoconus ventricosus is the closest living sister group of genus Africonus. Diversification of Africonus was in allopatry due to the direct development nature of their larvae and mainly triggered by eustatic sea level changes during the Miocene-Pliocene. Our study confirms the diversity of cone endemic to Cabo Verde but significantly reduces the number of valid species. Applying a sequence divergence threshold, the number of valid species within the sampled Africonus is reduced to half.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [CGL2013-45211-C2-2-P, CGL2016-75255-C2-1-P, BES-2011-051469, BES-2014-069575, Doctorado Nacional-567]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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