Отношение бобовых растений к кислотности почвы

Most legumes grow and develop better in neutral soils, with the exception of lupine, which grows at pH 4.0–5.0. Red clover secretes hydrogen ions into the soil through its roots, changing soil pH. Legume root nodules form better at pH 6.5–7.0, and at pH values less than 3, the root cells’ cytoplasm breaks down. At pH 8.7, the plants are deficient in NO3-, phosphates, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. In acidic soils, an excess of aluminium inhibits the uptake of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, and boron by root cells. Legumes are sensitive to the concentration of aluminium ions in the soil. In aluminium-sensitive pea varieties, nutrient absorption is suppressed; lectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose synthesis is inhibited in root cell walls; membrane water permeability decreases; the number of SH groups in cells decreases; and enzyme activity is inhibited. In an acidic medium, clover growth is inhibited, nodules form poorly, and nitrogen fixation rate decreases. The higher the acidity, the harder it is to assimilate soil magnesium. Magnesium deficiency leads to reduced photosynthesis and decreased sugar transport to roots and nodules. As a result, nitrogen fixation stops, and the plant’s leaves turn yellow and fall off. For legumes, the Ca:Mg ratio is important. The combined application of calcium and magnesium increases plant biomass yield, reduces nodule formation in lupine, and increases it in beans. This difference is related to the fact that beans, clover, and haricot are calciphiles, whereas is calciphobous. The use of waste beet sugar production – defecate, calcium fertilizer, is very effective. Decreased acidity increases leghemoglobin content in nodules, increases nodule weight, and increases nitrogen fixation 3–4 times.La mayoría de las legumbres crecen y se desarrollan mejor en suelos neutros, con la excepción del lupino, que crece a un pH de 4.0 a 5.0. El trébol rojo secreta iones de hidrógeno en el suelo a través de sus raíces, cambiando el pH del suelo. Los nódulos de la raíz de las leguminosas se forman mejor a pH 6.5–7.0, y a valores de pH inferiores a 3, el citoplasma de las células de la raíz se descompone. A pH 8.7, las plantas son deficientes en NO3-, fosfatos, hierro, manganeso, cobre y zinc. En suelos ácidos, un exceso de aluminio inhibe la absorción de fósforo, calcio, potasio, hierro, sodio y boro por las células de la raíz. Las legumbres son sensibles a la concentración de iones de aluminio en el suelo. En las variedades de guisantes sensibles al aluminio, se suprime la absorción de nutrientes; la síntesis de lectina, hemicelulosa y celulosa se inhibe en las paredes celulares de la raíz; la permeabilidad del agua de la membrana disminuye; disminuye el número de grupos SH en las células; y se inhibe la actividad enzimática. En un medio ácido, el crecimiento del trébol se inhibe, los nódulos se forman mal y la tasa de fijación de nitrógeno disminuye. Cuanto mayor es la acidez, más difícil es asimilar el magnesio del suelo. La deficiencia de magnesio conduce a una fotosíntesis reducida y a un menor transporte de azúcar a las raíces y nódulos. Como resultado, la fijación de nitrógeno se detiene y las hojas de la planta se vuelven amarillas y se caen. Para las legumbres, la relación Ca: Mg es importante. La aplicación combinada de calcio y magnesio aumenta el rendimiento de la biomasa vegetal, reduce la formación de nódulos en el altramuz y aumenta en los frijoles. Esta diferencia está relacionada con el hecho de que los frijoles, el trébol y la judía son calciphiles, mientras que son calciphobous. El uso de la producción de residuos de azúcar de remolacha - defecar, fertilizante de calcio, es muy efectivo. La disminución de la acidez aumenta el contenido de leghemoglobina en los nódulos, aumenta el peso de los nódulos y aumenta la fijación de nitrógeno de 3 a 4 veces.Большинство бобовых растений лучше растут и развиваются на нейтральных почвах, исключением является люпин, растущий при рН 4,0-5,0. Клевер луговой через корни выделяет ионы водорода в почву, меняя рН. Клубеньки на бобовых растениях лучше формируются при рН 6,5-7,0. При рН менее 3 нарушается структура цитоплазмы клеток корня. При рН 8,7 растения испытывают дефицит NO3-, фосфатов, железа, марганца, меди, цинка. В кислых почвах избыток алюминия подавляет поглощение клетками корня фосфора, кальция, калия, железа, натрия, бора. Бобовые растения чувствительны к содержанию ионов алюминия в почве. У чувствительных к алюминию сортов гороха: подавляется поглощение элементов питания; тормозится синтез лектина, гемицеллюлозы и целлюлозы клеточных стенок корня; снижается проницаемость воды через мембраны; уменьшается количество SH- групп в клетке; подавляется активность ферментов. В кислой среде у клевера тормозится рост, слабо формируются клубеньки, снижается азотфиксация. Чем выше кислотность, тем труднее усваивается почвенный магний. При недостатке магния снижается активность процессов фотосинтеза, резко снижается транспорт сахаров в корни и клубеньки, фиксация азота останавливается, листья желтеют и опадают. Для бобовых растений важно соотношение Са:Mg. Совместное внесение кальция и магния повышает урожай биомассы растений, снижало формирование клубеньков у люпина и повышало у бобов. Разная реакция растений связана с тем, что бобы, клевер и фасоль относятся к группе кальциефилов, тогда как люпин – к группе кальциефобов. Высокой эффективностью отличается применение отхода свеклосахарного производства – дефеката, кальцийсодержащего удобрения. Снижение кислотности повышает содержание легемоглобина в клубеньках, растет масса клубеньков, а фиксация азота увеличивается в 3-4 раза

Legume reaction to soil acidity

Most legumes grow and develop better in neutral soils, with the exception of lupine, which grows at pH 4.0-5.0. Legumes are sensitive to the concentration of aluminium ions in the soi

Monitoring of the content of manganese in soils and agricultural plants of the central Chernozem Region of Russia

The paper deals with the analysis of long-term observations of the manganese distribution in the soils of the south-western part of the Central Chernozem region of Russia in the Belgorod regio

Cycles, Nitrogen Budget, and Sustainability of Agroecosystems after Applying Organic Fertilizers (Labeled with 15N)

The goal of this work was to assess the turnover parameters of nitrogen of various crops used as green manure at different levels of mineral nutritio

Light intensity-induced phase transitions in graphene oxide doped polyvinylidene fluoride

The coupling of light with low-frequency functionalities of dielectrics and liquid crystals and an ability to turn “on” and “off” the pyro-, piezo-, or ferro- electric properties of materials on demand by optical means leads to fascinating science and device applications. Moreover, to achieve all-optical control in nano-circuits, the coupling of the light with mechanical degrees of freedom is highly desirable and has been elusive until recently. In this work, we report on the light intensity-induced structural phase transitions in graphene oxide doped piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film observed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Increasing the laser power results in a steady transformation of the Raman spectrum featured piezoelectric phase to one of non-piezoelectric structure. This effect is accompanied by volumetric change of a PVDF unit cell by a factor of two, useful for a photostriction materials application. Furthermore, we observed the reversible switching of α and phases as a function of the light intensity (laser power between 5.7–31.3 mW). This opens up a new route for multi-functionality control where strain, piezoelectric constants and polarization can be modified by light

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF THE SINK DRAWING ON DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE PIPES

В работе представлены результаты исследования остаточных напряжений в нержавеющих холоднотянутых трубах, полученные при МКЭ-моделировании процесса безоправочного волочения. Установлена связь величины обжатия, угла конусности рабочей зоны волоки, скорости волочения и коэффициента трения с характером распределения и величиной остаточных напряжений в стенке труб.The paper presents the results of the FEM simulation of residual stresses in stainless cold-drawn pipes obtained during of the sink drawing. The relationship between the reduction in thickness, approach angle, drawing speed and coefficient of friction with the distribution of the residual stresses in the pipe wall

Single-cell analysis: visualizing pharmaceutical and metabolite uptake in cells with label-free 3D mass spectrometry imaging

Detecting metabolites and parent compound within a cell type is now a priority for pharmaceutical development. In this context, three-dimensional secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging was used to investigate the cellular uptake of the antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone, a phospholipidosis-inducing pharmaceutical compound. The high lateral resolution and 3D imaging capabilities of SIMS combined with the multiplex capabilities of ToF mass spectrometric detection allows for the visualization of pharmaceutical compound and metabolites in single cells. The intact, unlabeled drug compound was successfully detected at therapeutic dosages in macrophages (cell line: NR8383). Chemical information from endogenous biomolecules was used to correlate drug distributions with morphological features. From this spatial analysis, amiodarone was detected throughout the cell with the majority of the compound found in the membrane and subsurface regions and absent in the nuclear regions. Similar results were obtained when the macrophages were doped with amiodarone metabolite, desethylamiodarone. The FWHM lateral resolution measured across an intracellular interface in a high lateral resolution ion images was approximately 550 nm. Overall, this approach provides the basis for studying cellular uptake of pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites on the single cell level

Subcellular peptide localization in single identified neurons by capillary microsampling mass spectrometry

Single cell mass spectrometry (MS) is uniquely positioned for the sequencing and identification of peptides in rare cells. Small peptides can take on different roles in subcellular compartments. Whereas some peptides serve as neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm, they can also function as transcription factors in the nucleus. Thus, there is a need to analyze the subcellular peptide compositions in identified single cells. Here, we apply capillary microsampling MS with ion mobility separation for the sequencing of peptides in single neurons of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis, and the analysis of peptide distributions between the cytoplasm and nucleus of identified single neurons that are known to express cardioactive Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide-like (FMRFamide-like) neuropeptides. Nuclei and cytoplasm of Type 1 and Type 2 F group (Fgp) neurons were analyzed for neuropeptides cleaved from the protein precursors encoded by alternative splicing products of the FMRFamide gene. Relative abundances of nine neuropeptides were determined in the cytoplasm. The nuclei contained six of these peptides at different abundances. Enabled by its relative enrichment in Fgp neurons, a new 28-residue neuropeptide was sequenced by tandem MS

The 3D OrbiSIMS—label-free metabolic imaging with subcellular lateral resolution and high mass-resolving power

We report the development of a 3D OrbiSIMS instrument for label-free biomedical imaging. It combines the high spatial resolution of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS; under 200 nm for inorganic species and under 2 μm for biomolecules) with the high mass-resolving power of an Orbitrap (>240,000 at m/z 200). This allows exogenous and endogenous metabolites to be visualized in 3D with subcellular resolution. We imaged the distribution of neurotransmitters—gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine and serotonin—with high spectroscopic confidence in the mouse hippocampus. We also putatively annotated and mapped the subcellular localization of 29 sulfoglycosphingolipids and 45 glycerophospholipids, and we confirmed lipid identities with tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrated single-cell metabolomic profiling using rat alveolar macrophage cells incubated with different concentrations of the drug amiodarone, and we observed that the upregulation of phospholipid species and cholesterol is correlated with the accumulation of amiodarone