27 research outputs found
ESR, raman and conductivity studies on fractionated poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid)
Synthesis methods used to produce poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid) (PMAS), a water soluble, self-doped conducting polymer, have been shown to form two distinctly different polymer fractions with molecular weights of approximately 2 kDa and 8 -10 kDa. The low molecular weight (LMWT) PMAS fraction is redox inactive and non-conducting while the high molecular weight (HMWT) PMAS is electro-active with electrical conductivities of 0.94 0.05 S cm-1. Previous investigations have illustrated the different photochemical and electrochemical properties of these fractions, but have not correlated these properties with the structural and electronic interactions that drive them. Incomplete purification of the PMAS mixture, typically via bag dialysis, has been shown to result in a mixture of approximately 50:50 HMWT:LMWT PMAS with electrical conductivity significantly lower at approximately 0.10 to 0.26 S cm-1. The difference between the electrical conductivities of these fractions has been investigated by the controlled addition of the non-conducting LMWT PMAS fraction into the HMWT PMAS composite film with the subsequent electronic properties investigated by solid-state ESR and Raman spectroscopies. These studies illustrate strong electronic intereactions of the insulating LMWT PMAS with the emeraldine salt HMWT PMAS to substantially alter the population of the electronic charge carriers in the conducting polymer. ESR studies on these mixtures, when compared to HMWT PMAS, exhibited a lower level of electron spin in the presence of LMWT PMAS indicative of the the formation of low spin bipolarons without a change the oxidation state of the conducting HMWT fraction
Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review
As a promising desalination technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) have shown practicality and cost-effectiveness in brackish water treatment. Developing more efficient electrode materials is the key to improving salt removal performance. This work reviewed current progress on electrode fabrication in application of CDI. Fundamental principal (e.g. EDL theory and adsorption isotherms) and process factors (e.g. pore distribution, potential, salt type and concentration) of CDI performance were presented first. It was then followed by in-depth discussion and comparison on properties and fabrication technique of different electrodes, including carbon aerogel, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene and ordered mesoporous carbon. Finally, polyaniline as conductive polymer and its potential application as CDI electrode-enhancing materials were also discussed
Synthesis and characterization of electroactive films deposited from aniline dimers
The electrochemical oxidation of the aniline dimers 2-aminodiphenylamine (2-adpa) and 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-adpa) has been
performed in strongly acidic medium on platinum, graphite, and indium tin oxide electrodes. The resulting films have been
characterized by a number of electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic techniques in order to gain some insight on their respective chemical structures. Both poly(2-adpa) and poly(4-adpa) are electroactive species which differ significantly one from another. It was found that aged poly(4-adpa)displayed electrochemical, morphologic and spectroscopic characteristics similar to
those shown by polyaniline. On the contrary, poly(2-adpa) is really a mixture of three oligomerization products. The two main
oligomers contain both open-ring and cycled phenazine centers, although their chemical structures seem to differ in the cap-end of
the chain growth. The third oligomer is a minor product which seems a highly symmetric macrocycle involving several 2-adpa
molecules.This work has been cofinanced by the European Commission (ERDF funds) and the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Cultura
(MAT2004-01479).
University of Alicante assisted in meeting the publication costs of this
article
POSSIBLE WAYS FOR POST‐TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICALLY TREATED WASTEWATER FROM YEAST FACTORY/GALIMI PAPILDOMI MIELIŲ GAMYKLOS BIOLOGIŠKAI VALYTŲ NUOTEKŲ VALYMO BŪDAI/ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПУТИ ДООЧИСТКИ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ОЧИЩЕННЫХ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ДРОЖЖЕВОГО ЗАВОДА
The effluents, which are formed from the waste in the process of production of yeast and molasses, contain a large amount of colouring substances (melanoidins, etc.) and can give dark brown painting to the effluent leading to high organic load on the wastewater treatment plant. The purpose of this study was estimation of the process of coagulation as possible method for the post‐treatment of effluents of yeast industry. The experiments on the coagulation were carried out using biologically purified effluents of Salutaguse yeast factory. This effluent had relatively high residual content of COD (with the effectiveness of treatment — 90%) and brown colour. Different coagulants and flocculants were studied under laboratory conditions. The most effective coagulants FeCl3˙6H2O and Al2 (SO4) 3 were studied additionally. The results of this experiment showed a significant decrease of colour and also concentration of COD. Economic analysis for the possible application of coagulants and ozone for the post‐treated effluents of yeast factory was also made. The obtained data showed that coagulants and ozone could be used in the process of the post‐treatment of effluents of yeast industry for the purpose of decreasing the colour and general concentration of pollutants, however, these processes are very expensive.
Santrauka
Nuotekų, susidarančių pramoniniuose procesuose naudojant mieles bei melasą, sudėtyje esti dideli kiekiai dažančių medžiagų (melanoidų). Jie nuotekas nudažo tamsiai rudai, o valymo įrenginiams tenka didelės organinių medžiagų apkrovos. Tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti koaguliacijos procesą kaip galimą papildomą mielių pramonės nuotekų valymo metodą. Koaguliacijos eksperimentams buvo naudojamos biologiškai valytos Salutaguso mielių gamyklos nuotekos. Nustatyta didelė šių nuotekų liekamoji organinių medžiagų vertė (valymo efektyvumui esant 90 %), nuotekos buvo rudos. Laboratorinėmis sąlygomis ištirta įvairūs koaguliantai ir flokuliantai. Efektyviausieji koaguliantai – FeCl3 · 6H2O ir Al2 (SO4 )3 buvo išanalizuoti papildomai. Eksperimento rezultatai – žymiai pašviesėjo nuotekų spalva, sumažėjo organinių medžiagų koncentracija. Atlikta ekonominė analizė, įvertinta koaguliantų ir ozono taikymas biologiškai išvalytoms mielių gamyklos nuotekoms valyti papildomai, kad pašviesėtų nuotekų spalva, ir suminė organinių medžiagų koncentracija būtų mažesnė. Šie procesai yra itin brangūs.
Резюме
Сточные воды, образующиеся от использования в процессе производства дрожжей мелассы, содержат большое количество красящих веществ (меланоидинов), которые придают сточной воде темно-коричневую окраску и приводят к высокой органической нагрузке на очистные сооружения. Целью исследования была оценка процесса коагулирования как возможного метода доочистки сточных вод дрожжевой промышленности. В экспериментах по коагулированию была использована биологически очищенная сточная вода Салутагуского завода по производству дрожжей. Сток имел относительно высокое остаточное содержание органических веществ (при эффективной очистке в 90%) и коричневый цвет. Различные коагулянты и флокулянты были изучены в лабораторных условиях. Наиболее эффективные коагулянты FeCl3 ·6H2O и Al2 (SO4 )3 были изучены дополнительно. В результате эксперимента удалось добиться значительного уменьшения интенсивности цвета и концентрации органических веществ. Был произведен экономический анализ с целью возможного применения коагулянтов и озона для процесса доочистки биологически очищенных стоков завода по производству дрожжей. Коагулянты и озон можно использовать в процессе доочистки стоков биологически очищенных вод дрожжевой промышленности для уменьшения цветности и общей концентрации органических веществ. Эти процессы, однако, очень дороги.
First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010
Reikšminiai žodžiai: koaguliacija, spalva, ozonavimas, papildomas valymas, mielių pramonės nuotekos.
Ключевые слова: коагуляция, цвет, озонирование, дополнительная очистка, сточные воды дрожжевой промышленности
Electrochemical in Situ Electron Spin Resonance, Conductance, and Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Poly- o
New Approach to Rapid Generation and Screening of Diverse Catalytic Materials on Electrode Surfaces
Na+/Ca2+ aqueous ion exchange in natural clinoptilolite zeolite for polymer-zeolite composite membranes production and their CH4/CO2/N2 separation performance
Species identification, host range and diversity of Cecidophyopsis mites (Acari: Trombidiformes) infesting Ribes in Latvia
Estimation of daily intake of lycopene, antioxidant contents and activities from tomatoes, watermelons, and their processed products in Korea
Seawater zinc/polypyrrole-air cell possessing multifunctional charge-discharge characteristics
An environmentally friendly cell using polypyrrole-air regenerative cathode and zinc as anode is investigated in the 3% sodium chloride solution. The cell can operate in different charge and discharge mode. Polypyrrole can be reoxidized (doped) with chloride anions either by using dissolved oxygen or by an external power supply, e.g., small photovoltaic cell. In that way, after discharge, capacity retaining can be achieved by using seawater as the electrolyte. During low discharge rate, the delicate balance between solid state diffusion-controlled dedoping and chemical oxidation of polypyrrole produced by hydrogen peroxide is achieved, generating stable voltage plateau. The cell is proposed to operate as a power supply for different sensor devices in two modes. In the low discharge mode (10-20 mA g(-1)), it can be used for data acquisition, and at the fast discharge mode (up to 2 A g(-1)) for collecting data transmission