Computing coset leaders and leader codewords of binary codes

In this paper we use the Gr\"obner representation of a binary linear code $\mathcal C$ to give efficient algorithms for computing the whole set of coset leaders, denoted by $\mathrm{CL}(\mathcal C)$ and the set of leader codewords, denoted by $\mathrm L(\mathcal C)$. The first algorithm could be adapted to provide not only the Newton and the covering radius of $\mathcal C$ but also to determine the coset leader weight distribution. Moreover, providing the set of leader codewords we have a test-set for decoding by a gradient-like decoding algorithm. Another contribution of this article is the relation stablished between zero neighbours and leader codewords

High-trhoughput screening of cytochrome C novel partners chlamydomonas ReindhartII

Comunicaciones a congreso

Controls on Coral-Ground Development along the Northern Mesoamerican Reef Tract

Coral-grounds are reef communities that colonize rocky substratum but do not form framework or three-dimensional reef structures. To investigate why, we used video transects and underwater photography to determine the composition, structure and status of a coral-ground community located on the edge of a rocky terrace in front of a tourist park, Xcaret, in the northern Mesoamerican Reef tract, Mexico. The community has a relatively low coral, gorgonian and sponge cover (<10%) and high algal cover (>40%). We recorded 23 species of Scleractinia, 14 species of Gorgonacea and 30 species of Porifera. The coral community is diverse but lacks large coral colonies, being dominated instead by small, sediment-tolerant, and brooding species. In these small colonies, the abundance of potentially lethal interactions and partial mortality is high but decreases when colonies are larger than 40 cm. Such characteristics are consistent with an environment control whereby storm waves periodically remove larger colonies and elevate sediment flux. The community only survives these storm conditions due to its slope-break location, which ensures lack of burial and continued local recruitment. A comparison with similar coral-ground communities in adjacent areas suggests that the narrow width of the rock terrace hinders sediment stabilization, thereby ensuring that communities cannot escape bottom effects and develop into three-dimensional reef structures on geological time scales

Critical Care Requirements Under Uncontrolled Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Objectives. To estimate the critical care bed capacity that would be required to admit all critical COVID-19 cases in a setting of unchecked SARS-CoV-2 transmission, both with and without elderly-specific protection measures. Methods. Using electronic health records of all 2432 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a large hospital in Madrid, Spain, between February 28 and April 23, 2020, we estimated the number of critical care beds needed to admit all critical care patients. To mimic a hypothetical intervention that halves SARS-CoV-2 infections among the elderly, we randomly excluded 50% of patients aged 65 years and older. Results. Critical care requirements peaked at 49 beds per 100 000 on April 1-2 weeks after the start of a national lockdown. After randomly excluding 50% of elderly patients, the estimated peak was 39 beds per 100 000. Conclusions. Under unchecked SARS-CoV-2 transmission, peak critical care requirements in Madrid were at least fivefold higher than prepandemic capacity. Under a hypothetical intervention that halves infections among the elderly, critical care peak requirements would have exceeded the prepandemic capacity of most high-income countries. Public Health Implications. Pandemic control strategies that rely exclusively on protecting the elderly are likely to overwhelm health care systems.S

Análisis polimórfico de interleucina IL-1β en pacientes con diagnóstico de Helicobacter pylori, en Tabasco, México

Introduction.&nbsp;Studies on the infection of Helicobacter pylori and the IL-1B gene play an important role within inflammation and its proinflammatory properties that promote defense against pathogens. Polymorphisms have been related to a higher production of IL-1β associated with hypochlorhydria and cancer development under H. pylori infection, so the objective of this study was to evaluate polymorphism in the +3954 region (IL- 1B C&gt; T) of the interleukin IL1β gene. Method.&nbsp;the blood samples were donated and collected to be processed for the determination of H. pylori, by means of the Urease Test (Proindusquim), in the city of Villahermosa Tabasco, Mexico, separating positive and negative samples (control), the positive samples were analyzed by PCR and enzymatic digestion for polymorphic analysis in the +3954 region (IL-1B C&gt; T). Results.&nbsp;245 samples 78 cases of H. pylori infection were analyzed, 49 were men (62.8%) and 29 women (37.17%), with a mean age of 58.5 years (21-77 years). Genotypic and allelic frequencies observed, 45 individuals were normal homozygotes (CC), 12 rare homozygotes (TT) and 21 heterozygotes (CT), in the control group it was found that 74 individuals were normal homozygotes (CC), 32 were rare homozygotes (TT) and 61 were heterozygous (CT). Conclusion.&nbsp;This study shows an association between the IL-1β + 3954 (C&gt; T) interleukin polymorphism and the predisposition of the population carrying the homozygous CC genotype infected with H. pylori to develop cancer.Introducción.&nbsp;Los estudios sobre la infección de Helicobacter pylori y el gen de IL-1B juega un importante rol dentro de la inflamación y sus propiedades proinflamatorias que promueven a la defensa contra patógenos. Los polimorfismos se han relacionados con una mayor producción de IL-1β asociada a cuadros de hipoclorhidria y desarrollo de cáncer bajo la infección de H. pylori, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el polimorfismo en la región +3954 (IL-1B C&gt;T) del gen interleucina IL1β.&nbsp; Método.&nbsp;las muestras de sangre fueron donadas y colectadas para ser procesadas para la determinación de H. pylori, mediante Test de ureasa (Proindusquim), en la ciudad de Villahermosa Tabasco, México, separando muestras positivas y negativas (control), las muestras positivas fueron analizadas mediante PCR y digestión enzimática para el análisis polimórfico en la región +3954 (IL-1B C&gt;T). Resultados.&nbsp;Se analizaron 245 muestras 78 casos de infección por H. pylori, 49 fueron hombres (62.8%) y 29 mujeres (37.17%), con edad media de 58.5 años (21-77 años). Las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas observadas, 45 individuos fueron homocigotos normales (CC), 12 homocigotos raros (TT) y 21 heterocigotos (CT), en el grupo de controles se encontró que 74 individuos eran homocigotos normales (CC), 32 eran homocigotos raros (TT) y 61 fueron heterocigotos (CT). Conclusión.&nbsp;Este estudio muestran una asociación entre el polimorfismo de interleucina IL-1β+3954(C&gt;T) y la predisposición de la población portador del genotipo homocigoto CC infectado con H. pylori desarrolle cáncer

Anthropogenic effects on reproductive effort and allocation of energy reserves in the Mediterranean octocoral Paramuricea clavata

12 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, supplementary material in http://www.int-res.com/articles/suppl/m449p161_supp/In order to better understand the sources, patterns and consequences of anthropogenic effects on populations of the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, we examined the proportion of injured colonies among populations exposed to a combination of anthropogenic disturbances (recreational cast fishing, commercial lobster pots, gill nets and SCUBA diving), as well as the physiological response of injured corals. Between 10 and 33% of the colonies in unprotected populations were partially colonized by epibionts, most likely following tissue injury, whereas only 4 to 10% of the populations in a marine protected area were affected. Populations that were simultaneously exposed to fishing as well as intensive SCUBA diving showed the highest proportion of colonization. Colonies with approximately 30 to 35% of epibiont coverage showed significantly lower numbers of gonads per polyp. Similarly, concentrations of lipids were lower in females with epibionts, thus indicating allocation of resources into recovery of injured tissue instead of reproduction. Furthermore, whereas unaffected colonies showed a uniform distribution of carbohydrates and proteins through apical branches to more central ones, colonies with epibionts had significantly lower protein concentrations in branches that are positioned 3 branching order levels closer to the stem. The results thus indicate a preference of apical growth in recovering colonies, via a different distribution of food within the colony. Reproductive success in surface-brooding corals growing on walls and overhangs might also be reduced by SCUBA bubbles from divers passing below, as bubbles efficiently remove eggs brooded on colony branches. © 2012 Inter-ResearchThis study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, project BENTOLARV (CTM2009-10007). S.R. is a Ramón y Cajal fellow (RyC-2007-01327). L.B. is supported through the EU Marie Curie Program (IEF 221072), and N.V. is supported through a scholarship by the Generalitat de Catalunya (FI2010)Peer Reviewe