8 research outputs found
Ethnic Speech and Ethnic Action as Ethnic Behavior: Part 1. Construction of the Brunel Ethnic Behavior Inventory
© 2016 Taylor & Francis.This article reports the construction of a new surveyâspecifically, the Brunel Ethnic Behavior Inventory (BEBI)âdesigned to measure ethnic speech and ethnic action as separate, yet related, aspects of individualsâ ethnic behavior. Using Tajfelâs social identity theory as a conceptual frame of reference, this study sought an answer to the research question of how many factors actually are measured by the BEBI, and tested the hypothesis that a two-factor model (i.e., Ethnic Speech and Ethnic Action as two correlated factors) would provide significantly better goodness of fit to the correlational data than would a one-factor model (i.e., Ethnic Behavior as one undifferentiated factor). Across one pilot sample (n = 101) and two main samples (n = 120 for Sample 1, n = 148 for Sample 2), the study found that not only did the BEBI measure two factors at most (i.e., Ethnic Speech and Ethnic Action) but, consistent with the hypothesis, the two-factor model yielded better goodness of fit than did the one-factor model. Implications for the conceptualization and measurement of Verkuytenâs âways of ethnicityâ are discussed
Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: international matched, prospective, cohort study
Despite current guidelines, intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery remains widespread. Drains were not associated with earlier detection of intraperitoneal collections, but were associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of surgical-site infections.Background Many surgeons routinely place intraperitoneal drains after elective colorectal surgery. However, enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines recommend against their routine use owing to a lack of clear clinical benefit. This study aimed to describe international variation in intraperitoneal drain placement and the safety of this practice. Methods COMPASS (COMPlicAted intra-abdominal collectionS after colorectal Surgery) was a prospective, international, cohort study which enrolled consecutive adults undergoing elective colorectal surgery (February to March 2020). The primary outcome was the rate of intraperitoneal drain placement. Secondary outcomes included: rate and time to diagnosis of postoperative intraperitoneal collections; rate of surgical site infections (SSIs); time to discharge; and 30-day major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade at least III). After propensity score matching, multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate the independent association of the secondary outcomes with drain placement. Results Overall, 1805 patients from 22 countries were included (798 women, 44.2 per cent; median age 67.0 years). The drain insertion rate was 51.9 per cent (937 patients). After matching, drains were not associated with reduced rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95 per cent c.i. 0.79 to 2.23; P = 0.287) or earlier detection (hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 0.33 to 2.31; P = 0.780) of collections. Although not associated with worse major postoperative complications (OR 1.09, 0.68 to 1.75; P = 0.709), drains were associated with delayed hospital discharge (HR 0.58, 0.52 to 0.66; P < 0.001) and an increased risk of SSIs (OR 2.47, 1.50 to 4.05; P < 0.001). Conclusion Intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery is not associated with earlier detection of postoperative collections, but prolongs hospital stay and increases SSI risk
Associations Between Time After Stroke and Exercise Training Outcomes: A MetaâRegression Analysis
Background Knowledge gaps exist regarding the effect of time elapsed after stroke on the effectiveness of exercise training interventions, offering incomplete guidance to clinicians. Methods and Results To determine the associations between time after stroke and 6âminute walk distance, 10âmeter walk time, cardiorespiratory fitness and balance (Berg Balance Scale score [BBS]) in exercise training interventions, relevant studies in postâstroke populations were identified by systematic review. Time after stroke as continuous or dichotomized (â€3 months versus >3 months, and â€6 months versus >6 months) variables and weighted mean differences in postintervention outcomes were examined in metaâregression analyses adjusted for study baseline mean values (preâpost comparisons) or baseline mean values and baseline controlâintervention differences (controlled comparisons). Secondary models were adjusted additionally for mean age, sex, and aerobic exercise intensity, dose, and modality. We included 148 studies. Earlier exercise training initiation was associated with larger preâpost differences in mobility; studies initiated â€3 months versus >3 months after stroke were associated with larger differences (weighted mean differences [95% confidence interval]) in 6âminute walk distance (36.3 meters; 95% CI, 14.2â58.5), comfortable 10âmeter walk time (0.13 m/s; 95% CI, 0.06â0.19) and fast 10âmeter walk time (0.16 m/s; 95% CI, 0.03â0.3), in fully adjusted models. Initiation â€3 months versus >3 months was not associated with cardiorespiratory fitness but was associated with a higher but not clinically important Berg Balance Scale score difference (2.9 points; 95% CI, 0.41â5.5). In exercise training versus control studies, initiation â€3 months was associated with a greater difference in only postintervention 6âminute walk distance (baselineâadjusted 27.3 meters; 95% CI, 6.1â48.5; fully adjusted, 24.9 meters; 95% CI, 0.82â49.1; a similar association was seen for â€6 months versus >6 months after stroke (fully adjusted, 26.6 meters; 95% CI, 2.6â50.6). Conclusions There may be a clinically meaningful benefit to mobility outcomes when exercise is initiated within 3 months and up to 6 months after stroke
Intraperitoneal drain placement and outcomes after elective colorectal surgery: international matched, prospective, cohort study
Many surgeons routinely place intraperitoneal drains after elective colorectal surgery. However, enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines recommend against their routine use owing to a lack of clear clinical benefit. This study aimed to describe international variation in intraperitoneal drain placement and the safety of this practice
Safety and efficacy of intraperitoneal drain placement after emergency colorectal surgery. An international, prospective cohort study
Intraperitoneal drains are often placed during emergency colorectal surgery. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting their use. This study aimed to describe the efficacy and safety of intraperitoneal drain placement after emergency colorectal surgery. Method: COMPlicAted intra-abdominal collectionS after colorectal Surgery (COMPASS) is a prospective, international, cohort study into which consecutive adult patients undergoing emergency colorectal surgery were enrolled (from 3 February 2020 to 8 March 2020). The primary outcome was the rate of intraperitoneal drain placement. Secondary outcomes included rate and time-to-diagnosis of postoperative intraperitoneal collections, rate of surgical site infections (SSIs), time to discharge and 30-day major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo III-V). Multivariable logistic and Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate the independent association of the outcomes with drain placement. Results: Some 725 patients (median age 68.0âyears; 349 [48.1%] women) from 22 countries were included. The drain insertion rate was 53.7% (389 patients). Following multivariable adjustment, drains were not significantly associated with reduced rates (odds ratio [OR] =â1.56, 95% CI: 0.48-5.02, pâ=â0.457) or earlier detection (hazard ratio [HR] =â1.07, 95% CI: 0.61-1.90, pâ=â0.805) of collections. Drains were not significantly associated with worse major postoperative complications (ORâ=â1.26, 95% CI: 0.67-2.36, pâ=â0.478), delayed hospital discharge (HRâ=â1.11, 95% CI: 0.91-1.36, pâ=â0.303) or increased risk of SSIs (ORâ=â1.61, 95% CI: 0.87-2.99, pâ=â0.128). Conclusion: This is the first study investigating placement of intraperitoneal drains following emergency colorectal surgery. The safety and clinical benefit of drains remain uncertain. Equipoise exists for randomized trials to define the safety and efficacy of drains in emergency colorectal surgery