Circuits and circuit testing for spaceborne redundant digital systems Special technical report no. 3

Design and testing of majority logic redundancy for spaceborne and GSE digital system

Tiltaksplan for forurensede sedimenter i Borgundfjorden - Fase 2. Aspevågen, Buholmstranda og Fiskerstrand

NIVA og Multiconsult har på oppdrag for kommunene Ålesund og Sula utarbeidet tiltaksplan for forurensede sedimenter fase 2. Tiltaksplanen omfatter delområdene Aspevågen, Buholmstranda og Fiskerstrand. Det er utført supplerende sedimentundersøkelser som inngår i risikovurderingene av bunnsedimentene i området. Områdene kan ikke friskmeldes etter SFTs risikovurdering av forurensede sedimenter trinn 1 og 2. Det er i samarbeid med kommunene og fylket utarbeidet miljømål for området. Basert på risikovurderingene og miljømålene er det foreslått ulike tiltak i områdene. Første prioritet bør være å stoppe eksisterende kilder til forurensning fra land til sjø, herunder å stoppe tilførslene av TBT og Cu til området utenfor Fiskerstrand og Hg og PAH til Aspholet / Aspevågen. Deretter kan tiltak i sjø gjennomføres. Tildekking av forurensede sedimenter er å foretrekke fremfor fjerning. Arbeidet med kildekartlegging og forurensede sedimenter bør vektlegges og inngå i en helhetlig kommunal plan. Dette er særlig aktuelt ved utbygginsprosjekter i strandsonen

Tiltaksplan for forurensede sedimenter i Aust-Agder. Fase 1 - Miljøtilstand,

Rapporten omhandler første fase av tiltaksplan for forurensede sedimenter i Aust-Agder. De tre utvalgte områdene i Aust-Agder er Tvedestrand på innsiden av Sagesund, Arendal havneområde med Tromøysund og Vikkilen i Grimstad. I dette arbeidet er det gjort en gjennomgang av eksisterende data med kartpresentasjon av miljøstatus for de ulike miljøgiftene i hvert tiltaksområde. Videre er det gitt en oversikt over aktuelle og mulige kilder til forurensning i nedbørfeltet og høyrisikoområder er foreslått. Data fra indre Tvedestrandsfjord har vist høye konsentrasjoner av både PAH og TBT (tilstandsklasse IV-V) slik at flere grunne områder er definert som mulige høyrisikoområder. Det er imidlertid behov for å ta prøver i grunne farvann for å kunne fastslå dette. I Arendal er spesielt havneområdene og området rundt Eydehavn forurenset av miljøgifter, men også småbåthavner og andre områder er sterkt forurenset. I likhet med Tvedestrand er det også her lite data fra grunne områder som er mest utsatt for spredning. Indre del av Vikkilen er foreslått som høyrisikoområde på grunn av høye PAH-verdier og ekstremt høye TBT-verdier. Det er behov for å ta prøver som verifiserer nivåene og gir opplysning om omfang

Escape tactics used by bluegills and fathead minnows to avoid predation by tiger muskellunge

To explain why esocids prefer cylindrical, soft-rayed prey over compressed, spiny-rayed prey, we quantified behavioral interaction between tiger muskellunge (F1 hybrid of male northern pike Esox lucius and female muskellunge E. masquinongy) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). Tiger muskellunge required four times as many strikes and longer pursuits to capture bluegills than fathead minnows. Tiger muskellunge attacked each prey species differently; fathead minnows were grasped at midbody and bluegills were attacked in the caudal area. Each prey species exhibited different escape tactics. Fathead minnows remained in open water and consistently schooled; bluegills dispersed throughout the tank and sought cover by moving to corners and edges. Due to their antipredatory behavior (dispersing, cover seeking, and remaining motionless) and morphology (deep body and spines), bluegills were less susceptible to capture by tiger muskellunge than were fathead minnows.Funding for this project was provided by the Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act under Dingell-Johnson Project F-57-R

Asymptotics of the solutions of the stochastic lattice wave equation

We consider the long time limit theorems for the solutions of a discrete wave equation with a weak stochastic forcing. The multiplicative noise conserves the energy and the momentum. We obtain a time-inhomogeneous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation for the limit wave function that holds both for square integrable and statistically homogeneous initial data. The limit is understood in the point-wise sense in the former case, and in the weak sense in the latter. On the other hand, the weak limit for square integrable initial data is deterministic

A Call to Arms: Revisiting Database Design

Good database design is crucial to obtain a sound, consistent database, and - in turn - good database design methodologies are the best way to achieve the right design. These methodologies are taught to most Computer Science undergraduates, as part of any Introduction to Database class. They can be considered part of the "canon", and indeed, the overall approach to database design has been unchanged for years. Moreover, none of the major database research assessments identify database design as a strategic research direction. Should we conclude that database design is a solved problem? Our thesis is that database design remains a critical unsolved problem. Hence, it should be the subject of more research. Our starting point is the observation that traditional database design is not used in practice - and if it were used it would result in designs that are not well adapted to current environments. In short, database design has failed to keep up with the times. In this paper, we put forth arguments to support our viewpoint, analyze the root causes of this situation and suggest some avenues of research.Comment: Removed spurious column break. Nothing else was change

Utslipp av breslam til Holandsfjorden fra Svartisen kraftverk. Spredning av mulige effekter av partikkeltilførselen

Etter at Svartisen kraftverk kom i drift i 1993 er det i perioder blitt observert brunlig vann i store deler av Nordfjord/Holandsfjord. Hovedårsaken har vært en høy tilførsel av partikler til fjorden gjennom kraftverket. Det siste års målinger av suspendert materiale (SPM) i kraftverksvannet viser en markant reduksjon i tilførselen av partikler til fjorden gjennom kraftverket, og bedringene er blitt bekreftet av SPM- og siktedypsmålinger i fjorden. Det er anslått at ca. 30% av den leire og silt som slippes ut gjennom kraftverket transporteres forbi Enganeset, hvor den raskt fortynnes og konsentrasjonen av SPM vil komme ned på "bakgrunnsnivå". Sandfraksjonen vil i hovedsak sedimentere rett utenfor utslippet innerst i Nordfjord. Beregninger foretatt med utgangspunkt i dagens-, og den antatt fremtidige situasjon, indikerer liten negativ påvirkning på livet i fjorden. Lokalt, og i korte perioder, vil påvirkningen kunne være større. For å fortsatt kunne følge utviklingen i fjorden i tiden fremover foreslåes at pågående undersøkelser/målinger, med enkelte tillegg og justeringer, videreføres frem til år 2001-02 da en større etterundersøkelse er planlagt

Kindergarten screening tools filled out by parents and teachers targeting dyslexia. Predictions and developmental trajectories from age 5 to age 15 years

The concept of early ‘efforts’ has led to discussions for and against introducing language assessment for all kindergarten children. Evidence-based kindergarten screening tools completed by close caregivers could solve this controversy as the children themselves would only be indirectly involved. The aim of this study was to see whether the scores of such early screening tools aiming at developmental dyslexia could predict school marks of literacy competence 10 years later, and to see whether these screening tools would reveal different dyslexia trajectories. The study is part of the Bergen Longitudinal Dyslexia Study, and the results from individual testing are reported elsewhere. Here, the caregivers' views isolated from the rest of the study are focused. Three tools were used: the RI-5, a questionnaire assessing the risk of dyslexia; the TRAS, a non-standardized observation tool of children's communication skills; and the CCC-2, a questionnaire assessing Developmental Language Disorders. Screening was performed at age 5 (TP1), age 11, (TP2) and age 15 (TP3). At TP2, when dyslexia was identified, 13 children formed the dyslexia group, and the rest formed the control group. At TP3, the RI-5 and CCC-2 turned out to be predictive of literacy competence as measured by school marks. Developmental trajectories were seen through the regroupings and scorings into a persistent group, a late onset group and a resolving group. Evidence-based preschool screening tools filled out by close caregivers offer valid information on later literacy developmental trajectories.publishedVersio

Self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression in chronic stroke patients with and without aphasia

Background: About half of the stroke population suffers from emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression post-stroke. Acquiring aphasia is seen to increase the risk of developing symptoms of emotional difficulties such as anxiety and depression. Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate self-reported emotional difficulties in chronic stroke patients with and without aphasia 1 year post-stroke. Further, we aimed to investigate the relationship between aphasia severity and self-reported symptoms of post-stroke depression and anxiety. We expected to find that patients with aphasia reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression than patients without aphasia. Furthermore, we expected to find that aphasia severity was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. Methods & Procedures: The Norwegian Basic Aphasia Assessment (NBAA) was used to assess aphasia severity. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was administered to all patients to assess self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. To investigate group differences we used the patients’ scores on the subscales communication, ability to carry out daily activities, and ability to participate in social/leisure activities from the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Outcomes & Results: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found a significant correlation between aphasia severity and symptoms of depression, indicating that patients with more aphasic difficulties reported more symptoms of depression. Specifically, the subscale repetition and reading comprehension from the NBAA correlated with the HADS total score. Furthermore, we found significant correlations between the patients’ performance on reading comprehension, repetition, and reading out loud and the HADS depression subscale. There was a significant difference between the groups on the SIS communication scores and the patients’ scores on the MMSE, whereas the aphasia group had more self-reported communication difficulties and a lower level of cognitive functioning 1 year post-stroke. However, on the SIS daily activities the non-aphasia group scored significantly lower. Finally, the groups did not differ on functional disability as measured by the mRS at admission to the hospital. Conclusions: Although there were no significant differences between the aphasic and non-aphasic groups as to the degree of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, patients with aphasia reported symptoms of anxiety and depression that seemed to be associated with specific language problems, as the ability to repeat, and to read and comprehend words and sentences.acceptedVersio

Risk-shifting Through Issuer Liability and Corporate Monitoring

This article explores how issuer liability re-allocates fraud risk and how risk allocation may reduce the incidence of fraud. In the US, the apparent absence of individual liability of officeholders and insufficient monitoring by insurers under-mine the potential deterrent effect of securities litigation. The underlying reasons why both mechanisms remain ineffective are collective action problems under the prevailing dispersed ownership structure, which eliminates the incentives to moni-tor set by issuer liability. This article suggests that issuer liability could potentially have a stronger deterrent effect when it shifts risk to individuals or entities holding a larger financial stake. Thus, it would enlist large shareholders in monitoring in much of Europe. The same risk-shifting effect also has implications for the debate about the relationship between securities litigation and creditor interests. Credi-tors’ claims should not be given precedence over claims of defrauded investors (e.g., because of the capital maintenance principle), since bearing some of the fraud risk will more strongly incentivise large creditors, such as banks, to monitor the firm in jurisdictions where corporate debt is relatively concentrated